Abstract: Oil cakes of fruit seed, Leaves and tender branches were analyzed to determine the chemical composition, dry matter and crude protein degradability. Nylon bag technique was employed using three steers; samples of each part were incubated in the rumen for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours. The data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance. The results showed that the following ranges of nutrient contents: (96.59% and 94.61%), (10.03% and 2.62%), (1.12and 0. 3%), (14.77% and 8.03) and (32.46 and 12.72%) for dry matter, ash, crude fat, crude protein and crude fiber respectively. Effective degradability of DM decreased with the fast ruminal outflow rate (0.08/ hr) ranging from a low of 28.50% (k=0.08) to 53.04% (k=0.02) in the leaves and 17.52% at (k=0.085) to 25.07% at (k=0.02) in the green shoots. Potentially the degradability of CP in the green shoot, leaves, fruits flesh and seed cakes and was 64.62, 41.33, 88.23 and 71.95 respectively. Crude protein disappearance rate post-incubation for 48 hrs was 34.65%,  62.55%,   24.45&, and   51.25%,  in the green shoots ,  leaves , fruits flesh and seed cake respectively .The ED at the slow outflow rate  (k=0.02) of CP was  67.52%, 78.50%, 100.00% and 100.00%,  while at the fast outflow rate (k=0.08) was 61.07%, 53.03% ,74.37%, and  72.31%  in the green shoot, leaves ,fruits flesh and seed cakes respectively.It is concluded that, the highest value of crude protein and fat were recorded in the leaves.

Keywords: Insitu DM and CP degradation, Ziziphus spinachristi
Title: Rumen Degradation and Nutritive Value of Fruit Flesh Seed Cake, Leaves and Green Shoots of Sidder (Ziziphus Spina-Christi) Trees
Author: Shamseldein, H .Ahmed, Shadia.A., Omer
International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the socio-economic contribution of sacred groves in south western Nigeria. The sacred groves are: Igbo-Ile, Igbo-Oba, Igbo-Olua, Igbo-Olodumare and Igbo-Gbopo. 150 copies of questionnaire were administered randomly to custodians (16), community heads (40) and residents (94) in the 5 communities for information on sacred trees, taboos, deities, festivals etc. All the data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. The results revealed that 72.82% of the respondents were males while 27.18% were females. Majority of the respondents had Primary School Education (38.06%) compared to Secondary education (25.62%), Tertiary (19.78%), Adult education (7.56%). The study showed that the conservation of the sacred groves was largely carried out by 93% of the local people of which Christians were the majority. The communities of Igbo-Ile, Igbo-Gbopo, Igbo-Olodumare and Igbo-Oba sacred groves agreed that the groves served as source of food, income, energy, medicine and shelterbelt. Igbo–Olua sacred grove attached the benefits to the annual festival. Poverty was recognized as a major factor hindering the conservation of sacred groves in Nigeria. Socio–cultural and religious functions of the groves could boost the tourism sector if it is properly harnessed by the government.

Keywords: biodiversity, conservation, communities, sacred, groves, socio-economic.
Title: Socio-Economic Contribution of Selected Sacred Groves in South-Western Nigeria
Author: Oyelowo O. J., Aduradola A. M., Onadeko S. A., Agboola, D. A.
International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Economic theories have changed over the last two hundred years on the basis of thinkers’ partial and biased ‘truths’ about the world; distortion in insights, advance in science and technology, and changes in social, economic, cultural, and environmental conditions. The idea of free market was started against mercantile policy that provided ideological and intellectual background for the Industrial Revolution, with remarkable results on the human well-being. However, early days of IR were marred by appalling conditions for large numbers of workers. Following the swigs of the idea of free market, the state-favored theories legitimized state intervention into markets with the aim of achieving growth. The result was fascinating; many countries grew at unprecedented rates. On the other side, the apparent success of the anti-market ideology of national governing elites resulted in heavily state-centric development strategies in 1950s and 1960s. A balanced view began to emerge during the closing years of the 20th century as the Washington Consensus (WC) failed to deliver its promises. From these swigs one can notice that by 21st century, there is a fair understanding of the complementarities between markets and the state. A ‘one size fits all’ kind of economic policy has been condemned and scholars realized the malfunction of the WC. The evaluation of development experiences suggests the combination of state and market and most people inclined to agree with state intevention. The question is, however, in what areas should/not the state intervenes and how to fashion the new models suited to the nation’s local circumstances. 

Keywords: Classical, Economic theories, Pessimists, Radicals, Post Washington Consensus, State, Tides
Title: Tides in Economic Theories from Classical To Post-Washington Consensus: A Critical Review
Author: Menberu Teshome
International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: The major causes for food insecurity as responded by the respondents include, erratic rainfall, shortage of land, poor quality of land(non fertile), agricultural input problem, low volume of production, poor post and pre harvest handling including crop pests. Household food insecurity access –related domains indicate the summary information on the prevalence of the households experiencing one or more behaviors of the three domains i.e., 97.5% of the households in domain-1 and domain-2 while 76.25% of them is found in the domain-3. It is also indicated that the food insecurity status of the community is found to be 19.39. Household food insecurity access prevalence indicator categorizes into four levels of households food insecurity. In the two selected peasant associations of Shashemene woreda, 2.5% were food secure, 6.25% were mildly food insecure, and 15% and 76.25% of households have become moderately and severely food insecure respectively which implies that about the half of the community is seriously food insecure. As a result of the serious food insecurity level of the households, the major social and economic impacts that are facing the community in this area include hunger and human disease, sales of productive assets, cattle loss and human death, shortage of farm inputs, migration, begging, sale of fire wood and dependency.

Keywords: Food insecurity, household, mild, moderate and severe
Title: Food Insecurity and Its Socioeconomic Consequences: The Case of Shashemene Woreda, Oromiya National Regional State, Ethiopia
Author: Guta Bukero
International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Women’s roles and activities in agriculture are increasing as result of decreasing men’s participation due to the ethnic war between Tamils and Sinhalese prevailed during the last two decades in the study area. Despite this importance, women’s participation in the extension activities remains low. The survey research was done with an objective to contribute for increased participation in extension activities. Stratified random sampling design was used to select women farmers. Inflexible domestic obligation, less appropriate technology, time constraints and transport difficulties were the major barriers for extension participation more than 70% of women farmers. The study also revealed that Tamil and Sinhalese women increasingly involve in the traditional men’s farm activities. Mass media was the popular method in providing agriculture information for women. But the department gave priority for group extension methods. Indirect communications were mainly adopted with women farmers. Majority of the extension staff pointed out that they still face constraints in addressing the needs and problems of women farmers due to insufficient gender knowledge and skills. Provision of child care facilities at residential training center, establishment of gender dis-aggregated data base, extension plan based on such data base considering women’s problems and needs, strengthening mass media and group extension methods, targeting women separately for extension delivery  and gender awareness workshops for staff are recommended to improve women’s extension participation.

Keywords: Gender, gender dis-aggregated data base, appropriate technology, domestic obligations       
Title: A Study on Women Farmer’s Participation in Agriculture Extension Activities in Vavuniya District, Sri Lanka
Author: RAJADURAI HARIHARAN
International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences (IJNRCSES)
Novelty Journals