Abstract:In recent times, the high cost and general shortage of reinforcing steel in many parts of the world has led to increasing interest in the possible use of alternative locally available materials for the reinforcement of concrete. Also, heavy loads on concrete beams produce diagonal shear cracks. Cracking in beams is normal and indicates the tension bars are actually working. Excessive cracking needs to be controlled by additional bars called stirrups placed perpendicular to the cracks. This experimental study aims at exploring ways of making the use of 3mm wires as stirrups in concrete beams, with various spacing so as to make the stirrup efficient and cost-effective for cheaper construction. The 3mm wire is made continually spiral, to avoid the unwinding of stirrups. The plain concrete beam with spiral stirrups are compared with that of the standard beam with 2-legged stirrup and the analysis is done using the Abaqus software to know the variations in load versus displacement curve, maximum principal stress, minimum principal stress between the normal stirrup and the continuous spiral stirrup.
Keywords:  Normal stirrups, spiral stirrups, 3mm wire, FEA

Title:INVESTIGATION ON SPIRAL STIRRUPS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Author:KARUNANIDHI.S
ISSN 2394-7357
International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract:Landfill leachate is a harmful liquid, a highly concentrated mixture of organic and inorganic contaminants, including ammonia nitrogen, heavy metals, inorganic salts, and pollutant waste. Leachate is made up of rain that passes through a landfill site and liquids that are generated by the breakdown of the waste within the landfill, their quantity and quality depending on the age and type of substances in the landfill. Landfill leachate has high chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), ammonia and other toxic wastes, and, eventually, high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Leachate can be an important source of contamination for groundwater and soil and must be appropriately treated before being discharged to eliminate or minimize the adverse impact of the waste on the surrounding environment. Conventional biological processes are time consuming and inefficient methods to treat leachate directly. Consequently, physicochemical processes are frequently utilized before biological action in treatment plants to pretreat this liquid waste. In this study, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including Fenton, UV/H₂O₂, and photo-Fenton processes, were investigated in laboratory-scale experiments as an effective alternative for municipal leachate treatment. A modified photo-Fenton process was found to be the most effective method, with percentage COD removal of 87.95 % and colour removal of 96.32% up to 360 min.
Keywords:Advanced Oxidation Photochemical Processes (AOPs); Treatment; Landfills; Leachate.

Title:A Comparative Study of Landfill Leachate Treatment Using Advanced Oxidation Photochemical Processes (AOPs)
Author:Hassan Adel Zaki,Khalid Zaher
ISSN 2394-7357
International Journal of Novel Research in Civil Structural and Earth Sciences
Novelty Journals