Abstract: Due to heavy loads during peak hours, blackouts have already happened in a number of countries. Significant investments are being made in the energy supply side by producing energy from alternative sources in order to reduce carbon emissions and stop any further blackouts. Therefore, increasing energy consumption efficiency on the demand side is necessary to balance this energy generation. This can be accomplished by automating the surroundings with electrical circuits and increasing people's awareness of their energy use by informing them about their usage. Since it takes into account the home energy management system, which includes both energy generation and consumption simultaneously to lower the cost of energy, this project is very beneficial for these problems.

Keywords: Power management, electronic design, infrared sensors, load control.

Title: Development of an Infrared Sensor Based Automatic Load Control System for Optimum Energy Management

Author: Olaiya O. Oluwaseun, Eze Blessing Ebere

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 9, Issue 1, September 2021 - August 2022

Page No: 45-49

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 04-August-2022

Abstract: In energy utilization, it is important to control when, how and where to use the energy in order to conserve energy. Safety is of great importance when dealing with electricity, thus, switches are provided to supply the flow of electrical current when needed and disengage when not required. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is not conducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-for "off") type. When the breakers fail to resolve overload, under load and short-circuit problems, the appliances and the users become the victim of its failure. The worst case scenario is fire outbreak. The conventional switches cannot be safe enough for their users, both domestically and industrially, wherever there is high current demand, energy conservation and power protections beyond conventional breakers at the distribution boxes become necessary to safeguard appliances, house and property from the risk of fire outbreak. The Nodal safety switch, is designed to help conserve electrical energy and protect electrical appliances and equipment at the nodes or points of engagement against any power surge resulting from line short-circuits and lightening power surge especially when the switch is deliberately or inadvertently left in the ON position after the previous power supplied was interrupted.

Keywords: Electricity, Switch, Safety, Nodal, Conserve, Energy.

Title: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NODAL SAFETY SWITCH

Author: Nwosu A. W., Obinwa C. C., Ifreka U. E.

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 9, Issue 1, September 2021 - August 2022

Page No: 39-44

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 30-July-2022

Abstract: Power is a key driver of economy. As much as it needed for used, it is also important that power is well utilized to avoid wastage which may incur extra cost of generation. Power failure or outage in general does not promote development to public and private sector. The field of invention is in the area of electromagnetic operations, where an electric current is induced into relays coils, actuating the relays in order to connect the terminals of the load to the available power supply. The switching system selects the available power source without the intervention of the user; hence, ensuring the availability of supply at all times provided that at least one power source is available. The change from one source to another could only be achieved by a device or a system that determines when the change should actually take place and which source is to be given preference to supply the load. Preference would be given to the power sources such that only one source supplies the load at a time and when the (first utilities) source fail, the link immediately connects the (second utilities) source to the load. When the (second utilities) source fails, the link immediately connects the generator to the load. The Automatic changeover device, is designed to switch contact terminals with little no noise within milliseconds, in order to avoid shooting down of any home or industrial appliances or equipment connected to it. The invention switches the load from one power source to the other seamlessly. Meanwhile, with no delay, while the load is connected to a running generator, as soon as mains is restored, it automatically performs the seamlessly changeover activity and at the same time turns of the generator. Three (3) relays were connected to the phases independently in which only one (1) will be active at a time. This system protects the loads to be connected from under voltage power supply which can in-turn cause damages to the loads. Also a voltmeter and an ammeter were connected to the load terminals to display the voltage output and current consumptions.  Also, two (2) switches in which one serve the mains and the other serves the generator. They are connected to actuate the Solid-State Contactors used for switching the Load terminators to active power. When any of them is turned OFF, it renders the supply of the power source inactive even when its available.

Keywords: Power, Mains, Generator, Changeover, Automatic.

Title: Design and Development of Seamless Automatic Changeover

Author: Nwosu A. W., Obinwa C. C., Madubuike J.

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 9, Issue 1, September 2021 - August 2022

Page No: 32-38

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 22-July-2022

Abstract: Continuous spectrum measurement is expensive and time consuming. This has necessitated the concept of spectrum prediction. Spectrum prediction uses historically observed data from spectrum sensing to forecast future channel states. In this research the suitability of the genetic algorithm modified Holt-Winters exponential model in the prediction of spectrum occupancy data was investigated. Minute spectrum duty cycle of selected locations in Ilorin, Nigeria was used in the evaluation of the forecast behaviour of the methods. It was observed that GA-Holt-Winter technique gave lower forecast values as evaluated from the “Mean Square Error (MSE)” serving “as objective function” in comparison with Holt-Winters method. The Holt-Winters method and GA-Holt-Winters technique were observed to be of good forecast behaviour with GSM 900 RL for both location. There was about 16% decrease in the MSE of GA-Holt-Winters technique compared to Holt-Winters in the GSM 900 RL for both locations. Finally, there was about 28% and 8% decrease in the MSE of GA-Holt-Winters technique compared to Holt-Winters in the GSM 900 RL for locations 1 and 2 respectively.

Keywords: Cognitive radio network, genetic algorithm, Holts-Winters exponential smoothing, spectrum occupancy, spectrum measurement, spectrum prediction.

Title: A Study on the Performance of GA-Holt-Winters Model in 900 MHz Spectrum Prediction

Author: Frederick Ojiemhende Ehiagwina, Lateef Olashile Afolabi, Khadijat Mustapha, Kabirat Raheem, Anifowose Jamiu Jibola, Wasiu O. Salaudeen

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 9, Issue 1, September 2021 - August 2022

Page No: 23-31

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 14-July-2022

Abstract: Low carbon steel has a good ductility that is highly considerable for forming process. However, its low strength limited their extensive used for forced structure. The study mechanical properties and microstructure of low carbon steel (1020) in the form of bar with dimension of about 200 x 16mm subjected to cold rolling by 5, 10, 15 and 20% respectively. The “percentage effects of cold rolling on mechanical properties of low carbon steel was estimated by using tensile, charpy and vicker hardness, tests likewise metallographic examination in determining the yield strength, ductility, impact strength and hardness”. Also the microstructure specimens were analyzed. The result of the study shows that “the yield strength, impact strength and hardness property of the steel” decrease as its heat treatment temperature and time increases. The yield strength result shows an initial decrease up to 30 minutes and slightly increases between 30 and 100 minutes of the heat treatment time before finally decreases uniformly between 60minutes and 360mins. The decrease in impact strength and hardness were more pronounced with increasing heat treatment temperature from 500⁰c to 600⁰c. On the other hand, the ductility increases as the heat treatment temperature and time increase with slight increases between 240 and 360 minutes.

Keywords: Low carbon steel, mechanical properties, microstructure, heat treatment temperature.

Title: EFFECT OF COLD ROLLING ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WORK HARDENED 1020 LOW CARBON STEEL

Author: Borokinni Francis, Babatunde Emmanuel, Alonge Kolawole

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 9, Issue 1, September 2021 - August 2022

Page No: 9-22

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 26-May-2022

Abstract: This study is aimed at optimizing the properties of Alkaleri clay mixed with Rice Husk for metal casting using Analysis of Variance. It was discovered that the model adopted is significant for prediction of refractoriness because the R-square value of 0.9268 is close to 1.00 and also the model predicted R-square value of 0.9268 is a reasonable agreement with adjusted R-square of 0.9822. Also the model F-valve of 133.41 shows the model is significant value of P-value less than 0.05 indicated model term is significant. However, the model is quadratic model with standard deviation of 0.27 R-square of 0.9958 and predicted and adjusted R-square of 0.9699 respectively. The adjusted R-square is in close agreement with the predicted R-square value while the R-square value of 0.9927 is close to 1.00 this show that the model has 99.27% chance of efficiency prediction of thermal shock resistance and 2.28% chance of not predicting thermal shock resistance efficiently. The model with F-value of 328.81 implies the model is significant; the value of P-value must be less than 0.05 for the model terms to be significant. The cold crushing strength also a quadratic model with standard deviation of 0.017, mean crushing strength of 2.16KN/cm². The predicted R-square of 0.8205 is reasonable agreement with the adjusted R-square of 0.9567 is close to 1.00, this shows 97.4%. The results when compared with ASTM standards of refractory materials, they have proven to be suitable for ferrous metal casting. These standards are apparent porosity 20%-30%, bulk density 1.7g/cm³-2.3g/cm³, CCS 1.5kN/cm²-5.9kN/cm², linear shrinkage 3%-10%, refractoriness 1200^oC -1900^oC.

Keywords: Optimization, Thermal Shock, Cold Crushing, Refractoriness, Rice Husk, Alkaleri clay.

Title: Optimizing the Refractory Properties of Alkaleri Clay Using Design Expert

Author: Mbimda Ali Mbishida, Kelechukwu Njoko, Yakubu Isheni, Mahmoud Lawan Umar

International Journal of Novel Research in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering

ISSN 2394-9678

Vol. 9, Issue 1, September 2021 - August 2022

Page No: 1-8

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published date: 05-May-2022