Abstract:The leaf miner of jatropha plant, Stomphestis thuristica is a destructive pest attack the green parts of the plant and caused reduction in its product. All scientific organizations worldwide recommended to decrease or far away as possible from using chemical pesticide to maintain all living organisms that need to live without pollution and in balanced conditions at the ecosystem. The aim of the study is to estimate of three plant oils (namely, (Moringa, Moringa oleifera L., Bitter almond, Prunus amygdalus var amara and Cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) to overcome jatropha leaf miner. Data cleared that high concentration of all tested oils caused a reduction in eggs hatches reached to > 85%. The higher concentrations of moringa (10 %) and cinnamon oils (7.5%) caused significant mortality to 1st and 5th larval instars and pupal stage. Lethal concentration of moringa oil caused mortality to 50% of 1st, 5th larval and pupal stage were ranged between (5.1 -7.8%) follow by cinnamon oils were (2.9-12.2), respectively.
Keywords:botanical oils, jatropha plant, leaf miner, mortality, egg hatchability, immature stage.

Abstract:A low-cost metal oxide gas sensor was used to detect ammonia and urea in saliva by constructing a test strip that contains an enzyme solution and a porous hydrophobic membrane.  Test results with saliva and saliva spiked with ammonia and/or urea showed that a power law calibration along with a nano Arduino microprocessor was sufficient to distinguish and quantify these two biomarkers.  The sensitivity of the metal oxide gas sensor and the simplicity of operation was well suited to construct a prototype that can provide portable and accurate information on salivary urea nitrogen (SUN) and initial dissolved ammonia in saliva.  The simplified power law calibration is limited when very high (>200 ppm) dissolved ammonia is present in the saliva sample when the sample has a normal SUN concentration.  However, this deviation of accuracy due to the simple algorithm deployed can be used to alert the test user that the dissolved ammonia levels in the saliva sample are well beyond normal.  For SUN values equal to or greater than 40 mg/dl, high initial ammonia and high urea concentration are readily distinguished by the algorithm and sensor system. 
Keywords:Ammonia, Dehydration, Diagnostic, Diffusion, Gas Permeable Membrane, Metal Oxide Gas Sensors, Point-of-care, Point-of-use, Saliva, Urea, Urease.

Abstract:In this research, the concentration of glucose produced by acid hydrolysis using hydrochloric and nitric acids respectively was determined and compared. The untreated unripe plantain peel was first characterized to determine its cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, extractives and moisture contents; after which it was treated and characterized again. The characterization result revealed that on treatment, the cellulose content of the unripe plantain increased greatly; showing that glucose yield of the unripe plantain rose highly after treatment. The untreated and treated unripe plantain was analyzed using FTIR spectra techniques to determine the functional groups, which proved the existence of high amount of cellulose from which glucose can be produced. The yield of glucose in hydrochloric and nitric acid media by acid hydrolysis was also studied. The results revealed that while substrate dosage and acid concentration affected glucose yield in both acid media; however, maximum glucose yield was obtained at a substrate dosage of 1.5g in nitric acid whereas in hydrochloric acid medium, the glucose yield kept increasing after 1.5g substrate dosage. This meant that more glucose was obtained in hydrochloric acid medium than in nitric acid medium. The fatty acid methyl esters present in the glucose produced by acid hydrolysis was further analyzed using GC-MS techniques. This revealed that the glucose produced has desirable qualities for commercial use.
Keywords:Glucose, Unripe plantain peel, Biomass, Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid.

Abstract:In textile manufacturing compressed air systems constitute the bulk of energy cost besides motor, lighting, fans, pumps and boiler systems. Reducing energy cost through energy efficiency and conservation measures is the clear option for textile industry to reduce overall energy use in order make profits and remain competitive.In this research paper energy efficiency and energy saving opportunities for industrial compressed air system in process industry is presented. Energy investigation was done to determine power consumption, power factor, power ratings, operation time and other important details of the air compressor for the case study industry. Air leak test was also conducted to determine the extent of percentage air losses by air compressor.The study found potential savings in electric energy to be approximately 157,164 kWh/yearwith simple payback period of 0.3 years. Based on results obtained enormous energy savings could be achieved through implementations of low cost investments such as fixing air leakages and regular maintainance.
Keywords:Energy efficiency, saving opportunities, Air compressor, Processindustry, Textile, Kenya.

Abstract:This paper applies Generalized Linear Approach to model the factors affecting number of household energy sources for lighting and cooking in both peri urban and rural Kenyan households. The model uses data from 560 households to predict the number of household energy sources for lighting and cooking. Generalized linear model (GLM) on the factors affecting household’s number of used energy sources showed income as the principal determinant factor for both cooking and lighting. In addition, distance to the nearest firewood supplying shop and household sizes are the main influencing factors for cooking among rural dwellers while distance to the nearest LPG supplying shop and distance to the nearest charcoal supplying shops were also found to be the determinants among the peri urban dwellers. The results for lighting on the other hand indicate that household’s number of energy sources for lighting is sensitive to solar use, age and gender of the household head. Households' number of energy sources is mainly controlled by income. Policy makers require enough information on modeling of household energy use to come up with strategies for sustainable development.
Keywords:Household energy, Generalized Linear model, lighting, Cooking, rural, Peri urban, Kenya.
Title:Factors Affecting the Number of Household Energy Sources in Kenya: Generalized Linear Model
Author:Stephen K. Kimutai, Ambrose K. Kiprop, Zachary O. Siagi
ISSN 2394-7349
International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science
Novelty Journals

Abstract:Aloe gilbertii belonging to the family Liliaceae is used by local people for treatment various disease such as malaria and wound healing. Phytochemical screening of the CH₂Cl₂:CH₃OH (1:1) extract revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Anthraquinones. Column chromatographic separation of the crude extract led to isolation of one anthraquinone, 1-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methylanthracene-9, 10-dione (43). The structure of this compound was identified using spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR and NMR) and comparison with the literature data.
Keywords:Liliaceae,Aloe gilbertii, Anthraquinone, 1-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3-methylanthracene-9,10-dione.

Abstract:Tephrosia vogelliis an important medicinal plant used for various traditional healing purposes such as fever, diarrhea, skin diseases, malaria and meningitis. Phytochemical screening of the root CH₂Cl₂:CH₃OH (1:1) extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenes and absence of anthraquinones. Column chromatographic separation of the root CH₂Cl₂:CH₃OH (1:1) extract yielded two flavonoids, compounds 13 and 14. The structures of these compounds were identified based on spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, IR and NMR).
Keywords:Phytochemical Screening, Column, Tephrosia vogelii, TLC, Extraction.