Abstract: The study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of Nkisa River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Also, the water quality index of the river was determined. The data needs, for the study, were sourced through extensive literature review, field work covering wet and dry seasons, laboratory analysis of field samples. Water samples from 7 sampling stations, each 250m apart, were collected and analyzed every two months for physicochemical and heavy metal content. The results indicated crude oil and other anthropogenic activities impacted on the River water quality. DO (1.10 to 8.1 mg L^-1), BOD₅ (2.8 to 8.7 mg L^-1), COD (4.18–17.93mgL^-1), PO₄ (0.05 to 2.6 mg L^-1) and TPH (0.01-13.64 mg L^-1) were out of the range of WHO standards and their maximum violations were recorded in Stations 2, 5, 5, 3 and 4 in March, September, May, July and March respectively. Heavy metal concentrations for Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr and Mn were higher than the WHO standards also indicating that Nkisa River is contaminated. The heavy metal concentrations were ranged (0.01 to 1.84), (0.001 to 0.07), (0.001 to 0.74), (0.001 to 0.59), (0.01 to 0.64), (0.01 to 0.45) and (0.003 to 0.57) mg L^-1 for Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd and Cr respectively. The calculated WQI fell within the range of 31.37 – 167.13, indicating water quality status tending from “good water quality” to “unsuitable for drinking”. HPI values ranged from 260.16 to 5697.44 indicating “high class” pollution. HEI (0.39 to 13.27) and Cd (-6.65 to 4.60) fell under “low degree” pollution.

Keywords: Degree of Contamination, Heavy Metals, Heavy Metal Evaluation Index, Heavy Metal Pollution Index, Physicochemical parameters, Water Quality Index.

Title: ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER QUALITY INDEX OF NKISA RIVER IN THE NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

Author: Amarachi Chukwuma, John Ugbebor, Ejikeme Ugwoha

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 95-105

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 26-February-2024

Abstract: This study evaluated the seasonal variation in the concentration of trace metals bounded on respirable particulate matter (PM_2.5) in the indoor environment in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The sampling period for the study was spread for eight (8) months from June to November 2021 as wet season and December 2021 to May 2022 as dry season with a total of fifty-eight (58) samples from the study locations and sixteen (16) samples from the control site. PM_2.5 samples were collected using a volumetric Sampler. The recorded concentration of PM_2.5-bound trace metals were above WHO and US EPA regulatory guidelines. The highest concentrations of these trace metals recorded were Pb (0.528 mg/m³) and Fe (0.394 mg/m³). The highest concentrations of trace metals were observed during the wet season in some sampled location. High concentrations of trace metals in the air are known to have potential to induce adverse health effect on all categories of humans ranging from infants to adults. Chemical characterization of PM_2.5 revealed that the particulate matter in both the indoor environment in the study area is heavily laden with trace metals. out of the 10 trace metals analysed 8 trace metals were detected in all the sampled location. The trace metals detected were Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni). These chemical components are known to have potential to induce both cancer and non-cancerous effect on all categories of humans ranging from infants to adults. The unusually high concentration of trace metals and hydrocarbons in the air could be ascribed to the Artisanry refining of crude oil within Port Harcourt and its environment.

Keywords: Indoor air quality, Soot characterization, Artisanry refining, Port Harcourt, Niger Delta.

Title: Seasonal Variation in PM_2.5-Bound Trace Metals in the Indoor Environment in Port Harcourt Metropolis

Author: Uruh Ugada, Ejikeme Ugwoha, Udeh Ngozi N.

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 87-94

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 12-February-2024

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the cancer and non-cancer effect induced from exposure to trace metals (TM) bounded to PM_2.5 in the indoor environment in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Indoor PM_2.5 samples were collected using a volumetric sampler. Air quality samples were collected from four (4) sampling points monthly for 8 months covering both raining and dry seasons. The concentrations of the selected TM bounded to PM_2.5 were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. For accuracy and precision, each of the samples were analysed in triplicates. The concentration of the TMs observed were above WHO and US EPA recommended safe limits. The cumulative lifetime cancer risk for a receptor exposed to the target TMs via the inhalation pathway was assessed using the inhalation dosimetry methodology outlined in EPAs Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS) while the non-cancer risk of exposure for each metal through the inhalation was estimated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ). Results of the study showed that for all age groups there is the likelihood that As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb will induce non cancer effect through inhalation if the environmental condition in the area in unabated. The cancer risk from As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb were higher than the acceptable limit for all age groups. Exposure to these metals is likely to induce cancerous effects in infants, child, young adults and adults. The risk levels for the carcinogenic trace metals were higher in Infants. It was concluded that the levels of TM in the studied area might pose a risk to people's health.

Keywords: Black Soot, Cancer Risk, Health, Indoor, Particulate Matter, Port Harcourt, Trace Metals.

Title: ESTIMATION OF EXCESS LIFETIME CANCER RISK DUE TO EXPOSURE TO PM_2.5 BOUND-TRACE METALS: A CASE STUDY OF PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Author: Uruh Ugada, Ejikeme Ugwoha, Udeh Ngozi N.

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 77-86

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 12-February-2024

Abstract: This developed and produced palm kernel cracking and separating machine. This is geared towards eliminating the drudges involved in cracking and separating palm kernel by the rural farmers. The machine was modeled with solidworks version 2010. Mathematical design was carried out to help select materials that will be adequate to withstand the stress during operation. The machine was produced by following the standard procedure for fabrication processes. The produced machine was surfaced finished to improve on the aesthetics. The machine was produced with locally sourced materials for cost effectiveness. The cost evaluation gave a total cost of production of five hundred and seventeen thousand, five hundred and eighty five naira (N 517,585) only. The performance evaluation carried on the machine gave processing capacity (PC) of 60 Kg/hr, throughput efficiency of 83%, shelling efficiency of 75.25%, separation efficiency of 89.75% and a breakage efficiency of 12.38%. Hence the machine is suitable for use by farmers in rural areas.

Keywords: Palm kernel cracking machine, cracking chamber, agricultural prime mover engine.   

Title: DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A MOVABLE PALM KERNEL CRACKING MACHINE FOR RURAL APPLICATION

Author: Aguh Patrick Sunday, Okolie Paul Chukwulozie, Chukwuneke Jeremiah Lekwuwa, Nwokeocha Tochukwu Obialo, Ezenwa Obiora Nnaemeka

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 65-76

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 13-November-2023

Abstract: The study focused on thermo-mechanical properties of steel weld. A mild steel stock selected from the SAE10XX class was used to fabricate four pairs of rectangular plates, each measuring 200 mm × 100 mm × 6 mm. Mechanical tests were conducted on the welded samples and their microstructures analysed using scanning electron microscope. The results suggest that a good combination of the operational variables guarantees stable welding operation which in turn assists in achieving a quality welded joint. Hence, from the results it is recommended that maintaining low but sufficient high welding power helps to minimize excessive temperature rise in the base metal and improves stress distribution along the welding line, which in turn mitigates degradation of mechanical properties. The result also showed that a coarse structure is formed in the fusion zone while fine structure is formed in the heat affected region.

Keywords: Steel, Weld joint, Mechanical properties, Heat transfer, Welding parameters, Thermal analysis, Temperature distribution.

Title: Thermo-Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Characterization of Welded Steel Plates

Author: Okolie Paul Chukwulozie, Chidume Nnamdi Nwambu, Obiora Nnaemeka Ezenwa, Okolie Uchenna Onyebuchi, Chikelue Edward Ochiagha

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 60-64

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 13-November-2023

Abstract: Despite the significance of Strategic health communication has become increasingly important in the age of digitalization to promote healthy behaviours, prevent and control disease, new challenges has been arisen in implementing communication strategies under digitalization particularly in developing countries such as Zanzibar. This paper examines the case of tobacco initiative efforts in Zanzibar, an island region of Tanzania, which has utilised strategic health communication under digitalization to control tobacco use. In this research, the researcher used thematic approach to analyse data whereas 26 media professionals and health experts were sampled. The findings of this qualitative study revealed that digitalization has revolutionized health communication by offering new avenues for dissemination of health information, promoting health awareness and education, and facilitate behaviour change of the people to enhance tobacco control efforts without compromised health service care. Further, despite the digital media platforms has proven to be important in health communication, but the result also revealed that there were a number of challenges associated with digitalization in health promotion and information-seeking behaviours and accessibility. Therefore, improving digital media literacy, availability of internet infrastructure, and combining traditional health services care with strategic digital health communication, and educating the public about a new tobacco control strategies and laws that banning public smoking and tobacco advertising and use in public space, will help to control tobacco usage not only in Zanzibar but also in all developing countries in general.

Keywords: Strategic health communication, Digital literacy, Tobacco control, Digital media.

Title: A STUDY ON STRATEGIC HEALTH COMMUNICATION UNDER DIGITALIZATION: ‘A CASE OF TOBACCO CONTROL IN ZANZIBAR’

Author: Kassim Khamis Jape

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 46-59

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 26-September-2023

Abstract: In light of the World Health Organization's 2023 definition of stress as a state of mental tension prompted by challenging circumstances, this study ventures into the realm of aviation stress, particularly focusing on PAL Express pilots. The inquiry is anchored on the recognition that while stress may occasionally bolster performance, it predominantly induces adverse effects, intensifying significantly in high-exposure professions such as aviation. Rooted in evidence from multiple incidents and existing research, the study acknowledges the multitude of both internal and external stressors in aviation, ranging from demanding flying schedules to emotional turbulence due to family issues or job instability. Given the grave responsibilities pilots shoulder, including passengers' safety, the need for effective stress-coping mechanisms becomes paramount. Thus, this investigation primarily seeks to identify the prevalent stressors and the prevalence of stress among PAL Express pilots, aiming to equip administrators with essential data to design effective interventions to ameliorate these stressors and uphold the pilots' mental health and functionality.

This study entitled "Prevalent Stressors Among PAL Express Pilots" employed a quantitative descriptive methodology, surveying both Captains and First Officers. The survey revealed that the pilots, largely males aged 26-41 years, face environmental, occupational, and personal stressors. Physical demands, inadequate rest areas, lack of control over work schedules, task complexity, and work-life balance pressures surfaced as predominant concerns. Notably, the study found no significant variation in stressor experiences based on age, gender, or the type of aircraft flown, underscoring the universality of stress experiences in the aviation sector.

The research emphasizes the need for holistic interventions to manage these stressors, including stress management programs, regular health checks, improved work conditions, enhanced team-building activities, and an open organizational culture encouraging dialogue about stress. It also calls for further exploration into individual stress experiences, potentially leading to more personalized stress management strategies. Despite some limitations, this study contributes valuable insights into the pervasive issue of pilot stress in PAL Express and its broader implications for the aviation industry.

Keywords: mental health, PAL Express pilots, aviation industry.

Title: PREVALENT STRESSORS AMONG PAL EXPRESS PILOTS

Author: John Paul M. Monreal, Ma. Trinidad V. Estrada

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 12-45

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 15-September-2023

Abstract: The enhancement of the structure and mechanical properties of a Cu-3Si-Al ternary alloy by the addition of aluminum was achieved through careful alloy design and processing techniques. In this study, aluminium was introduced into the Cu-3Si binary alloy in concentrations of 0.1-5wt% and fabricated using stir-casting technique. The microstructural changes in the alloy were investigated using an optical metallurgical microscope (OM). The OM results show increased solid solution regions and finer grains in the Cu-3Si alloy doped with aluminium compared to the parent alloy (Cu-Si), leading to improvements of ultimate tensile strength, percentage elongation, and hardness, with maximum values of 314 MPa, 28%, and 278 BHN, respectively.

Keywords: Alloy design; aluminium; Cu-Si-Al alloy; microstructure; properties.

Title: Enhancing the structure and mechanical properties of Cu-3Si-Al ternary alloy by addition of aluminium

Author: Agatha Ifeoma Ijomah, Kingsley Chidi Nnakwo, Eugene Ekedumogu Nnuka, Ifeanacho Uchenna Okeke

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 7-11

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 14-September-2023

Abstract: The microstructure, impact energy, density, and electrical properties of Cu-3Si alloy system doped with molybdenum is investigated in this study. The influence of molybdenum contents on the surface morphology, physical, and electrical properties of Cu-3Si-xMo (x: 0.1-5 wt%) alloys was explored. The alloy compositions were designed using response surface optimal design (RSOD), melt, and cast using stir-casting technique. The fabricated Cu-3Si and Cu-3Si-xMo alloys were machined to required dimensions for impact energy, density, electrical resistivity, and conductivity. The microstructures of the developed alloys were analyzed using optical metallurgical microscope (OM). Results of the study showed that the Cu-3Si-Mo ternary alloy demonstrated excellent impact energy and density compared with the parent alloy. The Mo-doped Cu-Si alloy recorded lower electrical conductivity, indicating increased solid solution of molybdenum in the copper matrix as revealed by the microstructural images.The impact energy, density, and electrical properties of Cu-3Si-Mo alloy system decreased with increasing concentrations of molybdenum.

Keywords: Impact energy, electrical conductivity; resistivity; Cu-Si-Al alloy; density.

Title: Microstructure, impact energy, density, and electrical properties of Cu-3Si alloy system doped with molybdenum

Author: Agatha Ifeoma Ijomah, Kingsley Chidi Nnakwo, Jerome Ugwu Odo, Ifeanacho Uchenna Okeke

International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Science

ISSN 2394-7349

Vol. 10, Issue 2, September 2023 - February 2024

Page No: 1-6

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 14-September-2023