Abstract: The efficiency of biosurfactant produced from naturally occurring and abundant materials such as micro-organism and low cost substrates as a cost effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from refinery waste water was studied. Rice husk obtained from Ufuma, in Orumba-North Local Government Area, Anambra State was activated and used as Mesoporous Activated Carbon unto which the biosurfactant was loaded. Both the thermal and chemical method of activation using heat and phosphoric acid was used to prepare the rice husk. The heavy metal studied is Lead. The removal efficiency of biosurfactant loaded (BS-MAC) and only MAC (control) was investigated under the same condition and it was found that BS-MAC is a better adsorbent than MAC. The biosurfactant was produced by the action of the micro-organisms (E-coli) on the low cost substrates (Orange waste). Proximate analysis was carried out on the low cost substrates and the refinery waste water to determine their properties. FTIR analysis was carried out on the biosurfactant produced for the investigation of the surface functional groups and also for the confirmation of removal of metal ions by the biosurfactant and the refinery wastewater was analysed after adsorption using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to further confirm the removal of lead. Batch adsorption studies were carried out by studying the effects of pH, dosage, and time on the adsorption process. Kinetic models such as Pseudo first-order, Pseudo second-order, Bhattacharya-Venkobachor and Power function model were used to fit the experimental data. The results showed that the Pseudo second-order best described the kinetics of the adsorption process. The calculated value of the amount adsorbed at equilibrium (qe) from the Pseudo second-order kinetic model was found to be in good agreement with the experimental value.

Keywords: Adsorption, Orange waste, Bio-surfactant, Activated carbon, Lead, Kinetics. 
Title: Adsorption Studies on the Removal of Lead from Refinery Waste Water   Using Bio-Surfactant Produced From E-Coli
Author: U.S. John, M.C. John, J.N. Obodo
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals
 

Abstract: Hamlet (1600-1601), a world famous play, Shakespeare’s most debated work and perhaps the longest play written by William Shakespeare (1564, 23 April-1616, 23 April) has given rise to radically different interpretations. Several soliloquies uttered by the hero, Hamlet, are considered one of the core themes of discussion and these interpretations. The paper tries to examine the necessity of the soliloquies which Shakespeare has mentioned through Hamlet in his famous play, ‘Hamlet’ as some critics think that the soliloquies are irrelevant, ambiguous not necessary in the context of the play. Mentioning some definitions of soliloquy and its necessity the paper will focus on the topics with some reference of the related lines of soliloquy from the play according to that perspective including some reference of great writers and critics. It is well-known that Shakespeare often has his characters spoken in soliloquies during the course of his plays. Besides, soliloquies are essential to the presentation of a story through the medium of a play because they provide the chance to tell the audience specific pieces of information which cannot be disclosed through normal conversation. In his work, ‘Hamlet’, Shakespeare’s title character is shown to speak in seven soliloquies. Each soliloquy advances the plot, reveals Hamlet’s inner thoughts to the audience and helps to create an atmosphere in the play.

Keywords: Character, Drama, Necessary, Revenge, Soliloquy, Tragedy,
Title: Soliloquies in Hamlet: Necessary or Unnecessary In the Context of the Play
Author: Muhammad Jane Alam
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals