Abstract:Education has moved to a level where everyone has an active role in the culture that is produced. Cross age peer tutoring is one of strategies that aims to promote and facilitate the students’ development, into intellectual, emotional, personal and social dimensions. This study was based on the social constructivist theory and employed mixed method approach, concurrent triangulation design. The study was set to analyze the use of cross-age peer tutoring in enhancing academic achievement in secondary schools. The study was conducted in Kisumu West Sub County because of a dropping performance in national examination. 34 principals, 366 teachers and 12,299 students made up the study population of 12,699. Simple random sampling was used to sample 1 schools and purposive sampling sample teachers and students. Purposive sampling was used to get form two class to take part in the study. This study used learners’ standardized achievement tests, questionnaires and interviews guides to collect data. Piloting, test retest method was employed to enhance the reliability of instruments for data collection. The qualitative data was analyzed by organizing content into themes and sub themes. Quantitative data derived from questionnaire items was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics then presented in tables. Students were pretested through a standardized achievement test.  On the basis of pre test results and the willingness of the students, a number of students were assigned to the experimental group treated through cross age peer tutoring and the rest were assigned to the control group. Moreover, 30 peer tutors were purposively selected in school in form three on the basis of their academic achievement in chemistry results in their immediate internal exam and their willingness to serve as peer tutors. To determine the significance of the tutoring intervention through comparison of pre and post-test achievement of experimental and control groups, descriptive statistics of mean, median, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and inferential statistics of t-test and analysis of covariance were used. The study results indicated that the experimental group showed greater improvement in their chemistry academic achievement as a result of their exposure to peer teaching. Cross age peer tutoring had thus a visible effect on the posttest performance of the experiment group when tested at .05 level of significance. The study also found that cross age peer tutoring had not been embraced by teachers in schools. Principals interviewed were aware that cross age peer tutoring was not one of the favorite strategies used by teachers. The study recommended that cross age cross age peer tutoring was useful to complement routine methods and should be embraced by teachers among other recommendations.

Keywords:cross age peer tutoring, pedagogy, strategy, academic achievement and hypothesis.
Cross Age Peer Tutoring as Pedagogical Strategy; a Remedy for Enhancing Academic Achievement in Secondary Schools
Ochieng Benedict Ouma, Prof. Okwara, Michael Okello, Dr. Ajowi, Jack Odongo
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals

Abstract:Most policymakers have inadequate information about the determinants of community participation in developmental projects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of community participation in implementation of developmental projects while the objectives were to determine the extent to which the level of education, decision making, culture and project leadership influences community participation in developmental projects in Mombasa County. The dependent variable was community participation while the independent variables included the level of education, project leadership, decision making and culture. The researcher used community members’ awareness of the project, access to project data and involvement in project planning as proxies for community participation. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 72 projects from the list of education, infrastructure, water and sanitation and sports projects implemented between 2014 and 2018. The sample population included 2 heads purposively picked from the 72 projects adding to 144 respondents. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using spss version 24.0 with the hypotheses being tested using the Chi square test. The results indicated 90% of the respondents overwhelmingly supported the idea that the level of education of the community members influenced their ability to participate in the implementation of various development projects and 75% supported the idea that culture has a significant influence on community members’ participation in community development projects implementation. On the project leadership influence on community participation in the implementation of developmental projects, results showed a significant influence.  85% supported the idea that decisions making has a significant influence on community participation on community developmental projects implementation. The researcher recommended that community members should be subjected to both formal ad non formal education in order to participate effectively in the community based development projects; the project initiators and implementers should incorporate the concepts of: core values, beliefs, gender roles perceptions by the community members and hierarchical relationships among the community members for better participation of the community members. Project implementers and strategists should at all levels employ democratic leadership, transparency and accountability in leadership and participatory decision making.

Keywords:level of education, decision making, culture and project leadership, and community participation.
Title:DETERMINANTS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS IN MOMBASA COUNTY, KENYA
Author:Ali Mohamed, Dr. Moses Otieno, Johnbosco Kisimbii
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals

Abstract:Many developing countries have, on the one hand fish resources with considerable implicit wealth and, on the other considerable levels of poverty amongst their population. Fisheries sector occupies a very important place in the socio-economic development of the country. It has been recognized as a powerful income and employment generator as it stimulates growth of a number of subsidiary industries and is a source of cheap and nutritious food besides being a foreign exchange earner. The main challenges facing fisheries development in Somalia have been in assessment of fishery resources and their potential in terms of fish production, development of sustainable technologies for fin and shell fish culture, yield optimization, harvest and post-harvest operations and landing and berthing facilities for fishing vessels, augmenting export of marine products, generating employment and improving welfare of fishermen and their socio-economic status. Somali waters are home to some of the richest fishing grounds in Africa, with vast potential for fisheries and coastal area development. However the sector remains under developed due to lack of skills among fishermen to go deep into sea water, lack of tools (boats and fishing gears) and lack of regulatory frameworks. Less attention is given to fishing management in Somalia, Part of the reason for the little attention to improving fisheries management lies in the shortage of empirical evidence on the effect of fisheries management on economic growth and poverty reduction in Somalia. It is of this shortage of empirical evidence on the effect of fisheries management on poverty reduction that the study intended to reveal. The study was guided by four objectives including, To find out the effect of fishing training on Economic Development of Mogadishu, Somalia, To assess the effect of Fish infrastructure development on Economic Development of Mogadishu, Somalia, To examine the effect of fish value addition on economic Development of Mogadishu, Somalia, To determine the effect of fish market development on economic Development of Mogadishu- Somalia. The study took a descriptive survey design; descriptive studies are more formalized and typically structured with clearly stated hypothesis or investigative questions. The study selected a sample of 198 respondents from the different segments of the larger population in Mogadishu to determine the influence of fisheries management in economic development of Mogadishu, Somalia. The study examined the effect of fishing training on economic development and found out that fishing training has a significant effect on economic development. The survey focused on investigating the effect of fishing infrastructure development on Economic Development and the regression analysis from the study indicated that fishing infrastructural development has a significant effect on economic development. The study examined the effect of fish value addition on economic development of Mogadishu Somalia and regression analysis also indicated that there is a significant effect of fish value addition on economic development. The study investigated the effect of fish market development on economic development of Mogadishu, Somalia and regression analysis indicated that there is a significant effect of fish market development on economic development. Based on the study findings, the study recommended government encouragement of foreign investment in the fishing industry in order to develop the fishing infrastructure and value addition to fish. The government of Somalia should develop a national policy to guide fishing activities to ensure that illegal fishing in Somali waters is stopped for good.

Keywords:Fisheries sector, socio-economic development, Economic Development, fishing training.
Title:INFLUENCE OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MUGADISHU, SOMALIA
Author:Hassan Mohamed Hassan, Dr. Lucy Gichinga
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals

Abstract:Tuberculosis is still one of the biggest public health problems, either in  1/3 population was infection by mycobacterium tuberkulosa, every one second to be one people  infection, every one year be 9 million new cases and 3 million death results of lung tuberkulosis. Lung tuberkulosis prevalence in Bali is 0,11% at the population, and than in Bangli Regency with 223800 populations, it is assumed that there would be 72 new cases of  tuberkulosis in a year. New cases occurances of lung tuberculosis patient in Kintamani distric  are not as much as predicted, yet the number keeps increasing each year. The increasing number of lung tuberculosis patient in Bangli is very much related to behavior and environment condition housing. The goal of this research is to know the behavior and home condition of tuberculosis patients in Kintamani distric of Bangli Regency. This research is quantitative descriptive research with cross-sectional scheme. The sample of this research are 80 tuberculosis suspects who went to Primary Health Center in area of Kintamani District during 2017. From the observation done, there are 38 positively infected by this tuberculosis and 42 others are negative. Data collection had been done using questionnaire and analyzed by using Chi Square test.The result shows that there 7 variables with significant correlation with the contagious potential of this disease, i.e: knowlege (ρ = 0,000), attitude (ρ = 0,000), practice (ρ = 0,000), lighting (ρ = 0,000), humidity (ρ = 0,001), ventilation (ρ = 0,002).It is suggested the Bangli Health Service improve the prevention program through varius kinds of ways such a health promotion, more comprehensive inter-sectoral cooperation about healthy housing, partnership development and community empowerment, until can preventing the spread of lung tuberculosis and don't be healthy community problems.

Keywords:  Tuberculosis, Behavior, Home Condition.
Title:BEHAVIOR AND HOME CONDITION OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN KINTAMANI DISTRICT OF BANGLI REGENCY (Case Study in the Area of Kintamani District 2017)
Author:Komang Sukerta, I Made Tamba, I Ketut Arnawa
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals

Abstract:A variety of issues existing in the modern society dictate a need for social change. The most significant social issues include the unequal spread of possibilities for people of different wage, class, race, ethnicity, gender, and others. Usually, social changes require switches in social structure and have specific norms and rules. Social structure is the system within the society that is defined by the actions that individuals are likely to take regarding an issue or a systemized way of life adopted by a group of people. This paper is going to discuss how different social issues dictate the changes in social and legislative rules and norms developing new social structures. Thus, social change is a complex phenomenon which is dictated by the need to change existing social and legislative rules and norms to meet new values and expectations of the modern society.

Keywords:Equal Possibilities, Social Change, Social Rights, Social Rules and Norms, Social Structure.
Title:Social Changes’ Impact on the Creation of New Social and Legislative Rules and Norms
Author:Dr. James Ryan Reblando
ISSN 2394-9716
International Journal of Novel Research in Interdisciplinary Studies
Novelty Journals