Abstract: The article introduces an overview of the development of translation and the beginnings of translation studies, as well as a variety of theories, approaches and theoretical models that shaped the development of translation studies. The article follows the early translation theories and analyzes how these theories stood the test of progress within the discipline. Translation studies, as young a linguistic field as it may be, have gone through considerable changes. The necessity of this field in today’s global world in the past decades has put the original views of translation under the microscope, having had to consider a lot more than simple equivalence of terms to satisfy the complex and ever-changing world of translation.

Abstract: Despite the fact that the government of Kenya has introduced free day secondary education (FDSE) many school going aged students are at home, also repetition and dropout rate continues to rise. Although many studies have been carried out in other parts of Kenya, none has investigated the factors behind the increased dropout rate of the boy child in secondary education particularly in Nyamira Sub County. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors facing the boy child’s retention in secondary education in Nyamira Sub County. The objectives of the study were: to find the extent to which household factors and school factors influence retention of the boy child in public day secondary education. The study used mixed methods research design.This study was guided by systems theory of organizations in an attempt to find out selected factors that influenced boy child’s retention to secondary education in Nyamira Sub County together with a conceptual framework.The units of analysis were 33 public day secondary schools. The target population was 33 principals, 33 HODs guidance and counseling, 33 Chairpersons of Parents association (PA), 47 Class teachers, 2 ZQASOs and 1935 students. Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination table was used to select a sample of 28 principals, 28 chair persons of PA and 28 HODs G/C, 42 class teachers and 321 students selected through stratified random sampling, and 2DQASOs were picked out through purposive sampling. Questionnaires, Interview schedule and document analysis were used to collect data which was analyzed and coding done before data analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using regression data analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed in an ongoing process as themes and sub themes emerged from the study. On the issue of household factors facing the boy child, the study revealed that family income, labour needed at home and level of education of parents were critical. On the concern about school related factors severe punishment, promotion standards, cost of education and lunch fees balance were the main factors. The study results would be used to provide useful information to the policy makers on the implementation of workable strategies that will promote boys’ education and provide a basis upon which other related studies can be anchored. It was concluded that the household factors greatly influenced boy child retention in secondary education. Information gathered would contribute to knowledge by analyzing factors and situations that limit boy-child retention in secondary education. A study on the role of parents on public day secondary education in Nyamira Sub County would expound the present study.

Abstract: This paper examined the adaptation challenges posed by the 2012 flood disaster to Orashi province of Rivers State, Nigeria and the indigenous knowledge, skills and strategies provided by the people to mitigate the flood and achieve rapid recovery from the effects of the flood. Anchored on the Resilience theory, the study relied on the Focus Group Discussion conducted in impacted rural communities, interview with the victims and transects observation from communities in Ahoada-East and Ahoada-West Local Government Area. The paper revealed that existing modern flood mitigating infrastructures like drainage system, fish ponds and shoreline embankment were combined with indigenous knowledge and adaptation skills and strategies such as canoe touring, fabrication of wood rafts, etc, to mitigate the flood. The study recommends among others an intensive community based flood education initiative and provision of modern critical flood infrastructure that will help the people cultivate a culture of prevention, preparedness and so enhance their ability to combat flood and other disasters.

Abstract: Student socio-economic factors influencing enrolment in Universities. University education plays a key role in the economic development of a country. In this respect, the government of Kenya has endeavored to increase enrolment in University education since independence. It has expanded opportunities at the University level and increased the chances of getting University admission through private self-sponsored programme. Nevertheless, it is a fact that people’s aspirations and ability to enroll in various programmes is sometimes limited by socio-economic factors. The purpose of the study was to determine the socio-economic factors influencing enrolment of undergraduate s self-sponsored students in Kisii University. The study was guided by the following objectives: To determine the influence of Parental level of education, Parental Occupation ,Parental Income and Birth order and Family size on enrollment of undergraduate self-sponsored students in Kisii University The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population was 1714.It consisted of a dean of students, an academic registrar and 1712 students of the 2013/2014 academic year cohort. The researcher used purposive sampling technique to select a dean of students and an academic registrar. Stratified random sampling technique was used to sample 513 students whowere 30% of the student target population. The instruments for data collection were questionnaires, in-depth interview and document analysis. Validity of instruments was determined by two experts in the Faculty of Education at Kisii University. Data was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Reliability of the instruments was determined by piloting on the 2012/13 academic year cohorts. Piloting was done in five Faculties through test-retest method. Pearson Correlation was used to calculate reliability which was established at 0.741.Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics such as means, frequencies and graphs while qualitative data was analyzed on the basis of themes and sub themes. The researcher upheld the research ethics by ensuring the autonomy of the respondents. From the study, it was established that the most significant socio-economic factors influencing enrolment of undergraduate self-sponsored students were: nature of school attended, parental occupation education and income. The University socio-economic factors that influenced enrolment were mostly the cost of the courses, financial support through bursaries, physical infrastructure, teaching staff, accessibility of the material required for the course and management. The conclusion was that socio-economic factors and gender constitute a significant determinant to undergraduate students’ enrolment. It was recommended that the government should endeavor to cushion the needy students pursuing their degrees through self-sponsored programme. A study should be carried out on financing of University education and participation of undergraduate students at Kisii University.

Title: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GENDER FACTORS INFLUENCING ENROLMENT OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY SELF-SPONSORED PROGRAMME. A CASE OF KISII UNIVERSITY, KISII COUNTY, KENYA

Abstract: The study was conducted to assess the vulnerability of banana-based farming communities of Apayao to climate change hazards. The results of the study showed that typhoon, torrential rainfall, drought, increased incidence of pest and diseases, and soil erosion were the main climate change hazards affecting banana-based farming communities in the areas covered by the study.
In Buluan, Conner, the community is vulnerable to typhoon, torrential rainfall and increased incidence of pests and diseases. Exposures to these climate hazards are medium to high; but adaptive capacities of the community are moderate. The potential impact outweighs the adaptive capacities of the community. On the other hand, the community is moderately resilient to drought and erosion.
The overall vulnerability index showed that the banana-based farming communities of Buluan, Conner and Atok, Flora are vulnerable to climate change hazards.  Comparison of vulnerability indices of communities with similar crop commodities located in upper and lower elevations did not differ significantly.
In conclusion, typhoon, torrential rainfall, drought, increased incidence of pest and diseases, and soil erosion were the main climate-related hazards affecting banana-based productions in the areas covered by the study. With high exposures and sensitivities to climate change hazards, high dependency of farmers to climate sensitive sources of income and moderate to low adaptive capacities, generally, the banana-based production communities were rated vulnerable.

Abstract: When one grows up in a distinctive culture, it’s bound to influence his/her lifestyle, including adopted traditions, taboos, rituals, belief system-and perhaps most enjoyable, his/her food choice. Thus, Culture in its diversity, comprising of beliefs, taboos, traditions, as well as rituals, has dietary requirements with regard to the dishes and/ingredients that may be consumed. Melia (2011) asserts that Food choices among the global hospitality clientele are diverse; including ethnic cuisines, fusion cuisines and contemporary cuisines, with a variety of factors determining these choices. However, in spite of this broad classification of cuisines, the menu, and especially the Kenyan menu, has particularly focused on exotic national cuisines such as the French cuisine, Italian cuisine, German cuisine, Mexican cuisine, Indian cuisine etc, in an effort to increase and/ or maintain profitability. Moreover, the Kenyan hospitality training institutions have put more emphasis on culinary skills that incline towards the worlds’ cuisines, with very little, and sometimes no focus on the pure ethnic culinary skills within their programs. The general objective was to investigate the hospitality industry’s client food choices, and the cultural factors that determine food item choices among the clients. A cross-section survey as well as descriptive correlation survey approach was adopted, while the target population constituted hospitality clientele patronizing the food outlets in Kisumu City of Kisumu County. Purposive sampling, systematic random sampling, as well as simple random sampling were employed, with a sample size of 384 respondents. Data was coded and analyzed by use of SPSS version 20, and presented via descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages, inferential statistics including regression and chi square ( ), ANOVA and t-test.