Abstract:In addition to regulating growth processes, Plant hormones play important roles in signalling networks involved in plant responses to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants are able to protect themselves against the attack of microbial pathogens via their disease defense mechanisms. Plant defense mechanisms are usually complex and composed of multiple layers of defense that are effective against diverse array of pathogens. Of these defense mechanisms, plant hormones are the major ones. Salicylic acid (SA), jasmonates (JA) and ethylene (ET) are well known to play crucial roles in plant disease and pest resistance. However, the roles of other hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellin (GA), cytokinin (CK) and brassinosteroid (BL) in plant defence are less known. The objective of this study was to review recent knowledge on the role of plant hormones in plant disease defense response. In this paper, the roles of Auxins, Gibberellins (GA), Abscisic acid (ABA), Cytokinins (CK), Salicylic acid (SA), Ethylene (ET), Jasmonates (JA), Brassinosteroids (BR) and Peptide hormones have been thoroughly reviewed.
Keywords:Disease, Defense Response, Disease, Plant, plant Hormones, Signaling Networks.

Abstract:Wheat stem rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide and causes significant reduction in yield of the crop. In Ethiopia the damage caused by wheat stem rust can be more serious than any other cereal disease. It can destroy thousands of hectares of a healthy crop with a high yield potential in less than a month. Wheat stem rust is a major production constraint in most wheat-growing areas of Ethiopia. This review discusses recent information on economic importance, epidemiology, disease cycle and management of wheat stem rust. It also presents the wheat stem rust disease management methods such as cultural, chemical, biological and use of host resistance methods. Under host resistance method, information on types of resistance, sources of resistance as well as the current strategies to mitigate threat caused by ug99 race and its lineages have been presented.   
Keywords:Disease, Management, Stem rust, Wheat, Genetic resistance, Cultural practices, Chemical control.

Abstract:The present investigation was carried out to detect the prevailing virulent races of yellow rust at field, to identify resistance wheat lines and effective genes for yellow rust. The experiments were carried out in non-replicated design having about 100 entries and differentials both at Sinana and Kulumsa research stations. YR5, YR8, YR15, YR17, YR27, Lassik (-Yr5) and Lassik (+Yr5) resistance genes have immune field reaction at Kulumsa and also Yr15 was the only differential lines resistant to the existing isolates at Sinana. The result depicted that 7, 17 and 76 wheat lines were resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible reaction at seedling stage to Kubsa isolate, respectively and 12, 27 and 61 wheat lines exhibited resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible reactions, respectively, to the Digelu isolate. At field condition 62,7,31 wheat lines were found to be resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible respectively at Sinana. At Kulumsa 97 and 3 wheat lines were found to be resistant and susceptible respectively. Wheat lines Av Yr 15, WT6/12, Sr 33/Cs # 4, Sr 33/Cs #5, Sr 33+Sr 2/Cs #14, Sr 33+Sr 2/Cs #15, Sr 45/Cs #20 and  Sr 45+Sr 2/Cs #29 were immune at field condition of  all locations. However, Westonia, Thatcher, Avocet, CANTHACHK, CT4-NS1, Pavon Sr 26+ SR 31, Westonia Sr 24+ Sr 31, Pavon Sr 24+ Sr 31 and CTH- Ns 2 exhibited maximum field severity and coefficient of infection (CoF) and hence the aforementioned resistant wheat lines may serve as better parent in resistant wheat breeding program.
Keywords:Immune, susceptible, effective genes, resistant, virulence, isolates.

Abstract:Occupational stress is a serious problem in many organizations. It is currently an issue of great concern not only to employers but other stakeholders in the organizations as well. This study was intended to establish the Effects of Occupational Stress on Job Performance among Public Officers in the Department of Immigration, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study wased based on Person – Environment Fit and Cognitive theories of stres. Cross – sectional survey design was used on a target population of 194 public officers from 5 work stations in the department of immigration in Nairobi County. The study employed Systematic random sampling technique to select 127 public officers for the study. Section heads and administrators were then sampled purposefully due to their experience and greater understanding of the topic. A questionnaire and an interview guide were used to gather information from the respondents. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to analyze the data. A pilot test was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the research instruments. Cronbach Alpha was used as a measure of reliability. The findings of this study are hoped to be beneficial to the department of immigration in mitigating the effects of occupational stress in work place, industrial court may also use the findings of this study in sorting out work place conflicts, policy makers may also use the recommendations of this study to come up with mechanisms of establishing counselling units in the place of work. The study established that majority of the public officers felt ill and absented themselves from duty due to occupational stress. Some of them also exhibited symptoms such as withdrawal, mood swings, irritation, out of control and substance abuse and this negatively affected their productivity. The study recommended establishment of counselling unit in the department of immigration, establishment of social welfare policies for staff, coming up with a standard policy on transfer and deployment of officers, job reengineering and redesign.
Keywords:Absenteeism, Counselling, Effects, Productivity, Stress, Substance Abuse, Welfare, Withdrawal, Workload.

Abstract:This study sought to examine the causes of occupational stress among public officersin the department of immigration. The study adopted Person – Environment Fit and Cognitive theories of stress. The study used cross – sectional survey design. The target population of the study was 194 public officers from five work stations within the department of immigration in Nairobi County. Systematic random sampling was employed to select 127 public officers to be included in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select Section heads and administrators. A questionnaire was used to gather information from the public officers while interview guide was used for key informants’ who included sections heads and administrators. The data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics where statistical techniques like frequencies, mean, standard deviation and percentages were utilized. Validity of the research instrument and reliability were enhanced through a pilot study in two regional offices. The presentation was done through charts and tables and other figures. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 helped in data analysis. The study established that the major causes of occupational stress included inadequate salary, low participation in decision making process, heavy workloads, lack of staff welfare policies, favoritism, biasness and nepotisms in deployment and transfers, stagnation in one job group for a long period of time (lack of career growth), working under pressure with tight deadlines and poor working conditions. The study also recommended change of organizational policies to give individuals more control over their work activities, develop support system, shared goals and directions, inclusion in decision making, team work and respect for personal needs.
Keywords:Job Description, Job Security, Occupational Stress, Reduced Motivation, Staff Turnover, Workload.

Abstract:Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important cool season protein-rich food and feed legume belongs to the Fabaceae family. Twelve faba bean genotypes were evaluated in 2018/2019 cropping season across seven environments in Ethiopia using randomized complete block design with four replications. The combined analysis of variance showed highly significance difference among genotypes, environments, and genotype by environment interaction effects (P<0.01) for seed yield, seed protein content, plant height, number of pods per plant, thousand seed weight, days to 50% flowering and days to maturity except for number of seeds per pod which showed non-significance difference for interaction between genotypes and environments. The significant interaction among environment or genotype by environment interaction revealed that the environments were different and genotypes responded differently across environments so that developing environment-specific or general adaptable varieties is crucial. The mean grain yield of environments ranged from 950.5 kg ha-1 at Adet to 4509.3 kg ha-1 at Holetta. The highest yield was obtained from standard check Tumsa variety (3171.8 kg ha-1) followed by G8 (EH 09017-5) and G6 (EH 010058-2) with mean grain yield 3125.3 kg ha-1 and 3081.4 kg ha-1, respectively whereas, the lowest yield was obtained from G7 (EH 09012-1), 2653.3 kg ha-1. In addition to high yielding potential G8 is early matured genotype across the test locations and thus provides opportunities for early mature faba bean production across the test environments. The relative means of genotypes across environments are adequate indicators of genotypic performance only in the absence of genotype by environment interaction. Therefore, G12, G8, and G6 were the three highest performing genotypes across the tested environments. The highest and the lowest thousand seed weight and seed protein content were recorded from G10 (EH 09028-3) 960.3g and 26.6% and G1 (Gora) 797.2g respectively. In terms of mean environment, the highest thousand seed weight was recorded at Assasa (1198.2g), Debark (954.9g) and Holetta (862.8g) whereas the lowest 1000 seed weight was recorded at Adet (701.7g) followed by Kulumsa (803.1g). The highest number of pods per plant was recorded from the standard check Gora, G1 (11.8) and the lowest were obtained from G5 (EH 010058-1) or G6 (9.2) but the highest and lowest number of pod per plant were found at Kofele (15.5) and Debark (5.7) respectively.
Keywords:Environment, Genotype, Protein content, yield component traits.

Abstract:Twelve faba bean genotypes were evaluated in 2018/2019 cropping season across seven environments in Ethiopia using randomized complete block design with four replications. The objectives were identifying stable faba bean genotypes for seed yield across the target environments using Additive Main effects and Multiplication (AMMI) model. Highly significant difference (P<0.01) among genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction were observed for seed yield. The AMMI analysis of variance for seed yield indicated that environment accounted 88.4% followed by G x E interaction 2.7% and genotype accounted 1.1% of the total treatment variation. This indicated that the large effects that influence the faba bean production are accounted by environment. The significance of mean square of environment indicated the test environments are very diverse and causing most of the variations in seed yield. The genotype by environment interactions was decomposed into IPCA. The first and the second interaction principal component axis explained 34.0% and 23.8% of the total G x E interaction and the two IPCAs together explained 57.8 % of the total treatment variation. Genotypes or environments found on the right side of the midpoint of the axis in AMMI-1 biplot have higher yields than those on the left hand side. Accordingly, G7, G9 and G10 had lower yield than those genotypes found on the right side of the axis. The genotypes or environments has small interactions appears close to the center of the axis; genotypes G6, G8, and G2, revealed small interaction and they were considered as relatively stable genotypes. Conversely, G11, G3, G9 and G1 are relatively far apart from the origin and thus showed strong interaction effects. Based on the ASV the genotype G6, G2, and G12 (Tumsa) and G8 had the lowest AVS score thus, which were widely adapted across environments. However, the genotypes such as the standard check G1 (Gora), G3, G5 and G11, which had the highest ASVs, were unstable genotypes over the testing environments. AMMI model selected best genotypes that suit for a specific environment. Accordingly, G11, G8, G4 and G3 were selected as best for Assasa; G11, G3, G8 and G12 for Kulumsa; G12, G5, G1 and G8 for Bekoji; G12, G3, G8 and G5 for Adet and G12, G1, G4 and G5 for Debark.
Keywords:AMMI, ASV, Environment, Genotypes.