Abstract: In order to investigate the effect of harvesting stage on growth, biomass and oil yield of rose-scented geranium; an experiment was conducted at the research field of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center in 2013/14 cropping season. Five levels of harvesting stages (90, 105, 120, 135 and 150 days after transplanting) were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Plant height, number of branches/plant, number of leaves/plant, leaf area index, fresh leaf yield/ha, fresh stem yield/ha, harvest index, essential oil content(%) and essential oil yield/ha was significantly influenced by harvesting stages; however, moisture content (%) was not affected by harvesting stage. The highest essential oil yield (77.10kg/ha) was recorded at harvesting stage of 120 days after transplanting.

Keywords: Rose-scented geranium; harvesting age; essential oil content (%); essential oil yield.
Title: GROWTH, BIOMASS AND OIL YIELD OF ROSE-SCENTED GERANIUM (PELARGONIUM GRAVEOLENS L. HERIT) AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT HARVESTING STAGES
Author: Haileslassie Gebremeskel
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Ineffective weed management in wheat is the main factor causing annual yield loss of 35 % in Ethiopia. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at two locations in southern Ethiopia during the main cropping season of 2013 to evaluate the efficacy of different herbicides and their combinations on weed dynamics, yield components and yield of bread wheat and to assess economic feasibility of herbicides for weed management in wheat. The treatments included, pendimethalin (0.70, 1.20 and 1.70 kg ha-1), Pyroxsulam (Pallas 45OD 15, 20 and 25 g ha-1), Isoproturon (1.0, 1.25 and 1.50 kg ha-1), 2,4-DEE (0.40, 0.50 and 0.60 kg ha-1), Pyroxsulam + 2,4-DEE (15, 10, 20 and 20 g ha-1 + 0.40, 0.50, 0.30 and 0.40 kg ha-1), Isoproturon + 2,4-DEE (1.0, 0.75, 1.25 and 1.25 kg ha-1 + 0.40, 0.50, 0.30 and 0.40 kg ha-1), hand weeding at three weeks after crop emergence, hand weeding at two and five weeks after crop emergence, weed free and weedy checks. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experimental field was infested both with broad leaved and grassy weeds belonging to seventeen plant families out of which Asteraceae and Poceae being the most dominant.  Isoproturon and 2,4-DEE were more effective on controlling the grassy and broad leaved weeds, respectively, while Pyroxsulam was more effective on both grassy and broadleaved weeds. Pallas 20 g ha-1 and its combinations (pallas 10 g ha-1 + 2,4-DEE 0.40 kg ha-1)  resulted in the lowest weed dry weight of  2.8 g m-2 and 6.06 g m-2 at Bobicho and Faate, respectively at harvest. The highest productive tillers of 252.3 and 250.6 per m2 were recorded in two hand weeding while the highest grains per spike of 52.3 and 52.6 were obtained in two hand weeding at Bobicho and Faate, respectively. The highest grain yields of 4700.9 and 4455.0 kg ha-1 were obtained in weed free treatment followed by Pallas 20 g ha-1 that gave grain yield of 4455.0 and 4031.4 kg ha-1 at Bobicho and Faate, respectively while the lowest grain yield was obtained in weedy check at both sites. Moreover, application of Pallas at 20 g ha-1 and two hand weeding resulted in maximum relative net returns of Birr 24,875.0 ha-1 and 23,833.0 ha-1 at Bobicho and Faate, respectively.

Keywords: Isoproturon; Pendimethalin; Pyroxsulam; Triticum aestivum L.; Weed dynamics.
Title: Evaluation of Herbicides and their combinations for Weed Management in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Southern Ethiopia
Author: Dawit Dalga, JJ Sharma, Tamado Tana
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences (IJNRLS)
Novelty Journals

Abstract:Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major worldwide cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and Hepatocellular carcinoma, accounting for 1 million deaths annually. Cytopathic and liver injury is mostly caused on consistent response of host immune system against hepatitis B viruse. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in different areas has been categorized as, high endemicity   (8% prevalence), intermediate (2–7%) and low endemicity (2% prevalence). Pakistan falls under the endemic region with 3% HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) infected country population and lies in a zone of intermediate endemicity for these infections. Major symptoms appear in infected person are flu-like illness that includes fever, abdominal pain, fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, and in some cases yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). HBV is present in the blood, saliva, semen, vaginals excretions, menstrual blood, sweat, breast milk, tears and urine of infected individuals. The virus is transmitted efficiently by a number of routes including transmission from an infected mother to her child or by percutaneous and mucous membrane exposure to infectious blood or other body fluids. The incidence of clinically apparent illness is much higher (30–50%) in individuals infected after the age of 5 years. Introduction of PCR for detection of serum HBV DNA resulted in a significant improvement of sensitivity over that of other biochemical techniques.  The availability of vaccination effectively prevented HBV infection in up to 95% of a group comprising infants through to young adults who completed a course of three vaccinations. Although mass vaccination programs have begun to control the spread of HBV, therapeutic intervention is the only option for those with established chronic HBV-associated liver disease. From high global epidemiology and increasingly spreading infections clearly indicates that Hepatitis B needs much more attention to reduce the risk of infection through awareness program.

Title: Hepatitis B - A Global Burden
Author: Shahid Hussain
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Deafness is a complete or partial loss of hearing, caused due to both environmental and genetic factors. It may be either none-syndromic or syndromic. In genetic deafness, Autosomal dominant, Autosomal recessive, X-Linked and Mitochondrial hearing loss are the main pattern of inheritance. In global prevalence this disease accounts for 1 per 1000 population. While the Asian countries including Pakistan have high prevalence (1.6 per 1000) than the rest of the world. Consanguineous marriages are thought to be playing a key role in the inheritance of genetic deafness. Many sources and technologies are available for the testing of hearing efficiency. But mostly Biochemical, physical and genetic diagnoses are done to diagnose the degree of hearing loss severity. In all of these the genetic test is found to be more accurate and precise for a better diagnosis. In remote areas particularly in Asian countries the ratio of genetic hearing loss is comparatively found to be high due to a common tradition of consanguineous marriages where families prefer to get married within blood relatives. These families are suitable for research purpose, because of the inheritance of gene pool in the same family affecting individuals in various generations. Throughout the world scientific communities are working on the genetics of deafness. Each year new loci and genes are identified and mapped. 50% cases in hearing impairment are due to environmental factors while 50% are due to genetic mutations. In genetic type 30% cases are found to be syndromic and 70% are none-syndromic. In none syndromic Autosomal recessive are observed to be the most common (80%). 300 genes have been predicted to be involved in hearing phenomena. To date moreover 33 genes in non syndromic Autosomal recessive and approximately 27 genes in dominant inheritance have been found.

Keywords: Deafness, Hearing loss, Syndrom, Inner ear, Genetic Disorder.
Title: A common genetic disorder “Deafness”
Author: Shahid Hussain
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), an endemic disease to Africa was reported in Kenya in 1966 and thereafter in Tanzania in 1980's but with limited incidences. It spread fast and it is now omnipresent in all rice growing areas in the country. The fast spread has been partly associated with climate change that has induced increased virulence of previously less virulent viruses and rapid population buildup of their vectors. In view of the increasing incidence and the impact of rice yellow mottle virus disease (RYMVD) on rice production in Tanzania, studies on the distribution of RYMV insect vectors were undertaken as a necessary step into designing the disease management strategies. The already documented list of known RYMV vectors in Africa was used as reference to the target species. Two sampling methods (sweep net and 4m2 quadrant) were used to assess the population of insects vectors of RYMV in the three major rice growing divisions of Kilombero District in Morogoro Tanzania (Mngeta, Ifakara and Mang’ula) rice fields. Vector found existing in the location included Chaetocnema sp. and Oxya hyla. The vectors were more abundant at the border parts of the fields than at the middle. These vectors recorded, were widely distributed of in the fields with RYMV disease incidence level of up to 70% suggesting that they could be responsible for new infections and wide spread of RYMV disease in these areas.

Keywords: Climate change, Rice yellow mottle virus, Disease incidence, Virus vectors.
Title:Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Vectors in Farmer’s Fields in Kilombero
Author: B.January, G. M. Rwegasira, P.J. Njau
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences (IJNRLS)
Novelty Journals

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in a local tribal farmer’s field of hilly Kavilas VDC of Chitwan, Nepal during the rainy season of 2012 (April to September), on maize intercropping with legumes and non-legumes. 2 Factor Strip Plot Design was used in the experiment with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment comprised of combination of three maize variety of different maturity date [Arun-2 (80-90 DAS), Manakamana-1(120-130 DAS) and Poshilo makai-1(145-155 DAS)] and four intercrops among which Blackgram, Greengram and Cowpea were leguminous intercrop whereas Millet was non leguminous intercrop. Among the used maize varieties, Poshilo Makai-1, a long duration maize, had significantly higher yield (4.72 ton/ha) which was significantly higher than the yield of both medium and short duration maize variety Mankamana-1 (3.52 ton/ha) and Arun-2 (2.82 ton/ha) respectively. Similarly among the intercrops, the yield of non-leguminous component Millet (0.83 ton/ha) was found higher over other leguminous components Blackgram (0.26 ton/ha), Greengram (0.27 ton/ha) and Cowpea (0.52ton/ha). Yield of intercrop was found higher in short duration maize variety but the difference was not found significant. The effect of maize variety and the intercrops along with their combinations were also found significant on the gross return, net return and Benefit cost ratio where medium and long duration maize varieties (Manakamana-1 and Poshilo Makai-1) were significantly superior over the short duration maize variety (Arun-2) whereas in case of intercrops, leguminous intercrop Cowpea was found significantly superior over other intercrops. Intercropping of long duration maize variety with any leguminous intercrop was found profitable over non legume intercrops.

Keywords: Intercrops, legumes, maize, yield.
Title: Effect of Maize Variety and Legume, Non Legume Intercropping On Their Yield and Cultivation Cost in Foot Hills of Nepal
Author: S. Dhakal
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences (IJNRLS)
Novelty Journals