Abstract: Primary cultures of rat and murine cortical and hippocampal neurons are widely used to study and reveal cellular and neuro-molecular mechanisms in medical researches and neurobiology. By isolating, culturing, chatacterization and growing individual neurons, researchers in medicine and biology are able to analyze properties related to cellular functions, trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical reactions.
Results from such experiments in the molecular neurobiology and molecular neurology are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning, diseases of several parts of the central nervous system (CNS) / peripheral nervous system (PNS) / autonomic nervous system (ANS, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic) and development of treatment / medication testing and therapy of several diseases affecting CNS. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types.
In this protocol, specific media were used, which were designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic cortical and hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (such as astrocytes).
Embryonic mouse cortical and hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection.
Detailed dissection techniques are reported of cortex and hippocampus from embryonic day 18 and 19 (E18 and 19) of the mouse. Once cortical and / or hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells.
A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. This protocol provides a fast (approximately 2-3 hours) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse cortical and hippocampal tissues. These cells were used successfully in many further experiments and examinations.
Keywords: Central and peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic), Neuroscience, Neuro- Physiology, Neuronal Cell Culture, Cortical Neurons, Hippocampal Neurons, synaptogenesis, gap-43, Synaptophysin.
Title: Isolation, Culture, and Characterization of Cortical and Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice: Evaluation Study of Technique and Applications
Author: Dr Munthir Al-Zabin, Dr Joachim Rohleffson
ISSN 2394-966X
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: The Removal of the internal fixation is an elective operation after the healing process and with the option that all procedures have been performed in order to ensure that the fracture area is not further affected. In this study aimed to demonstrate that, the explantation of the internal fixation is not associated with an increased risk for the patients.
Objective: Patients with monosegemental traumatic / unstable fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine have been operated with an internal fixation. A retrospective evaluation of our cases between 2006 and 2011 were performed due to the clinical course and follow-up after the removal of the internal fixation after approximately 12 months.
Methods: 51 cases: 28 thoracic, 23 lumbar have been treated, whereas performed a dorsal approach and implantation of an internal fixateur have been performed. The removal of the internal fixation (second surgery) was approximately after 12 months. The mean age of the patients was 42 years. 29 patients were males and 22 females.
Results: Prior to the second surgery 9 patients had pain > 50 on VAS, Motor deficits 6 prior and 5 after surgery. 8 Patients had sensory deficits prior, but just 6 after the 2. surgery. There were no signs of instability in 49 patients, while 2 patients with fixation in the thoracic spine, a slight compression of the vertebral bodies without surgical consequence and in 2 patients re-bleeding was noted requiring surgical evacuation on the day of surgery. The recovery of these patients was unremarkable in the further clinical course. Infection was not noted.
Conclusions: The removal of the internal fixation in this patients was not associated with an increased risk for the patients.
It appears to be particularly practicable in younger age groups up to 65 years. The long term effect of this operation technique is unclear as of yet.

Keywords: Thoraco-lumbar fracture, implantation of transpedicular spondylodesis, internal fixation / fixateur, elective operation, orthesis, removal of fixation hard-ware.
Title: Removal of the Implanted Monosegmental Internal Fixation after 12 Months of Insertion in Patients with Traumatic Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: A Retrospective Evaluation and Review of the Literature
Author: Dr. Munthir Al-Zabin, Dr. Mark Hofmann
ISSN 2394-966X
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Sixty four sesame accessions were evaluated in 8x8 simple lattice design at Humera in Western Tigray, in 2013/14. The objectives of the study were to estimate the genetic variability, association among characters, and to estimate genetic divergence among the accessions. Analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant (p<0.001) difference among the sixty four accessions for all the fourteen characters studied. Number of capsule per plant and seed yield per hectare recorded high genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) but medium genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV) and high phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV). The highest heritability value were for days to 50% flowering, plant height, height to first capsule and number of capsule per plant. Traits like, number of capsule per plan with high phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV), heritability and genetic advance as a percent of mean. This indicates that these characters can be improved through selection than heritability estimates alone. Number of primary branches per plant showed positive significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation with grain yield. Genotypic ally, path coefficient analysis based on grain yield as a dependent variable revealed that length of capsule bearing zone, number of primary branches per plant and 1000 seed weight exerted positive direct effect on seed yield. Thus, improvement through direct selection rather than a lengthy crossing program and hybridization involving crossing of the accessions from different clusters would produce viable and a potential segregant population.

Keywords: Genetic variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance, Genetic Advance as percentage of mean, Correlation, Path coefficient, sesamum indicum.
Title: Assessment of Genetic Variability, Genetic Advance, Correlation and Path Analysis for Morphological Traits in Sesame Genotypes
Author: Desawi Hdru Teklu, Sentayehu Alamerew Kebede, Daniel Endale Gebremichael
ISSN 2394-966X
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Strongylus vulgaris common parasite in equine during the past 50 years due to the practice of frequent prophylactic anthelmintic therapy. To date, the emerging development of resistance in Cyathostominae and Parascaris spp. to numerous equine anthelmintic has changed deworming management and the frequency of anthelmintic usage. In this regard, reliable detection of parasitic infections, especially of the highly pathogenic S. vulgaris is essential. In the current study, two diagnostic methods for the detection of infections with S. vulgaris were compared and information on the occurrence of this parasite in American horses was gained. For this purpose, faecal samples of 110 horses were screened for S. vulgaris with real-time PCR and an additional Regular microscopic exam. A subset of 26 horses underwent multiple follow-up examinations with both methods to evaluate both the persistence of S. vulgaris infections and the reproducibility of each diagnostic method.

Keywords: Strongylosis, horses, Strongylis vulgaris, larva, fecal samples, PCR.
Title: Comparative Studies of Real Time PCR and Larva Detection for Diagnosis Strongylosis in Horses
Author: Amira Saad Helal Hassenin, Simone, Edward, Michelle R.lewis, Edmon.John
ISSN 2394-966X
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Ocotea usambarensis Engl. is a high value timber tree that is threatened in Kenya due to overexploitation and poor natural regeneration. It seeds once in eight to ten years but most of its fruits are lost pre-maturely due to pest attack. In addition its seeds are recalcitrant.  Alternative methods of propagation should be developed to complement the few seed available. A rooting trial was set up to determine the ability of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to promote rooting in O. usambarensis coppice stem cuttings. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomised design and cuttings treated with IBA at 0, 60, 90 and 120mg/l concentrations. Each IBA concentration was replicated 3 times and each replicate had 10 cuttings. The experiment was incubated in a non-mist propagator with vermiculite as the rooting medium. Assessment for rooting was done on 84th, 104th and 136th day. Data on rooting, number of roots and the length of the longest root and sprouting was collected and analysis done using Genstat. The highest rooting was 43.5% at 60 mg/l IBA and the least 6.7% in both 90 and 120 mg/l concentrations. However, the difference was not significant (p=0.264). The number of roots and length of the longest root were not significantly influenced by IBA treatment. However, the proportion of cutting that sprouted, the number and growth of sprouts were significantly decreased with increase in IBA concentration.  The lack of significant positive increase in the rooting with IBA treatment suggests that O. usambarensis may have a relatively high level of endogenous auxins.

Keywords: IBA, non-mist propagator, Ocotea usambarensis, stem cuttings, Rooting, vegetative propagation, auxins, Vermiculite.
Title: The Effect of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) Rooting Hormone on the Rooting of Camphor (Ocotea usambarensis) Coppice Stem Cuttings
Author: Giathi G, Machua J, Gathura M, Oeba V, Ingutia C
ISSN 2394-966X
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals

Abstract: The importance of the mining sector and related industries in contributing to GDP and raise the value of exports and its impact in the reduction of permanent disability, but the trade balance and the possibility of achieving a surplus, provided the proper utilization of mineral resources and maximizing the value added.
The mining sector of the key sectors for its significant role in the supply of industrial raw materials and intermediate products and final.
The mining sector is an important source of competitive advantages to owning Egypt tremendous amount and variety of mineral wealth.
The mining sector's ability to absorb a large number of manpower to the multiplicity and diversity of activities both in the mining or extractive industries in the manufacturing associated with the mining sector.
Keywords:Economic Development; Mining.
Title: Mining Industries in Egypt and Its Role in Achievement of Economic Development
Author: Ezzat Abd Elhamed Elboraay,Mohamed Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Abd Ellatif
ISSN 2394-966X
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
Novelty Journals