Abstract: This study aimed to find out the effect of different levels of ground limestone to the growth of broilers. specifically, to determine the best level which could give the highest production and high profits and to know the effect of ground limestone to carcass of broilers. A total of 96 two weeks old chicks were randomly distributed to four dietary treatments using completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were 100% commercial feeds (CF), 95% CF + 5% ground limestone (GL), 90% CF + 10% GL and 85% CF +15% (GL). Each treatment was replicated three times with 8 birds per replication. The experiment was conducted at Apayao State College San Isidro Sur, Luna, Apayao from August 15, 2007 September 25, 2007.
In terms of final weight, Birds fed with 100%CF obtained the highest final weight which is significantly higher  than birds fed with 15% GL but comparable to birds fed with 5% GL and 10% GL. The results indicate that replacing CF with 15% GL significantly decreased the final weight of broilers.
In terms of feed consumption experimental birds consumed comparable amount of feed. As to total and daily gain in weight birds fed 100% CF and 5 % GL significantly gained more weight than those birds fed with 10% and 15% ground limestone replacement. Birds fed with 100% CF and 5% GL had comparable average daily gain in weight but significantly higher than those birds fed with 10% GL and 15% GL. This means that replacing CF with 10% GL and 15% GL significantly reduce the daily gain in weight of the birds. 
In terms of feed conversion efficiency Birds fed with 15% GL and 10% GL significantly consumed more feed (3.70 and 3.21 kg) to gain one kilogram body weight compared to birds fed with 5% GL and 100% CF (2.81 kg and 2.77 kg). This means that birds fed with 10% GL and 15% GL were less efficient converters of fed to meat.
As to feed cost  birds fed with  15% GL obtain the highest feed cost followed by 10% GL. Birds fed with 5% GL obtained the lowest feed cost. Replacing CF with 5% GL significantly reduce the feed cost from Php 57.15 to Php 56.41. However it was observed that replacing CF with GL at higher levels significantly increase the feed cost.
Based on carcass evaluation all treatments has comparable  bled weight, carcass weight, weight of the cut up parts ( Head, Shank,drumstick,breast) and weight of internal organs (Liver, heart,intestine and gizzard)

Keywords: Broiler, Ground Limestone, Experimental bird, Feed, dietary treatment.
Title: Growth Performance of Broilers as Affected by Different Levels of Ground Limestone
Author: Charles Darwin Vidad, Ronald O. Ocampo, Mirasol L. Agpuldo
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
ISSN 2394-966X
Research Publish Journals

Abstract: The present study was conducted for six months to observe the radiographic anatomy on the appearance of ossification centres of radius and ulna of eight local dogs (four male and four female). Puppies were placed under the same condition. Each puppy was radiographed eight times on the right forelimb at Day 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 of age. Craniocaudal and lateral views were taken to observe the appearance of ossification centres of radius and ulna. Centres of distal epiphysis of radius were appeared at 15 days of age in both male and female groups. Centres of proximal radial epiphysis were appeared at 30 days of age in both groups. Centres of distal ulnar epiphysis were appeared at 45 days of age in both groups. Centres of proximal ulnar epiphysis were appeared clearly at 90 days of age in both groups. In both male and female groups, both centres of proximal and distal epiphyses of the radius were well-developed at 120 days of age. At 150 days of age, the mid diaphyses of the ulna were thinner than those of the radius in both groups. All epiphyses of the ulna were completely developed at that age in all dogs. Both proximal and distal epiphyses of the radius were completely developed at 180 days of age in all dogs.

Keywords: epiphyses, male and female dogs, ossification centres, radiographs, radius, ulna.
Title: Comparison on Development of Ossification Centres of Radius and Ulna in Male and Female Dogs by Radiographically
Author: Nay Zin Myo, Saw Po Po, Hnin Yi Soe, Hlaing Hlaing Myint, Khin Thida Khaing
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
ISSN 2394-966X
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Six male sheep with similar age (3-5 months) and body weight ranging from 16 kg to 20 kg were used in this study. Each animal was kept in individual cage and the animals were fed rice straw and sesame cake for one month and provided fresh water ad libitum. The experimental animals were fed 3% of body weight and it was formulated isonitrogenously not less than 21% of crude protein. Animals were randomly divided into three groups (A, B, C) and each group contained two animals. Group A was kept as control, and group B and C were fed 30% and 60% of total diet with Leucaena leucocephala leaves, respectively. The experimental period was taken two months. Histopathologically, the kidneys of sheep from group B and C revealed degeneration of glomerulus and renal tubules, cellular debris and RBC in the lumen of renal tubules. Destruction of blood vessels with perivascular fibrosis, hyperemic artery and proteinaceous fluid in the interstitial of renal tubules were also found. Histopathological changes in liver were degeneration of hepatocytes and central vein, wider sinusoidal spaces than the normal. In the portal area, connective tissues proliferation, congestion in the portal vein and degeneration of bile duct were observed. All of the above histopathological changes were more severe in the animals of group C than those of group B.

Keywords: histopathological changes, kidney, Leucaena leucocephala, liver, mimosine, sheep.
Title: HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN KIDNEYS AND LIVER OF SHEEP FED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF    LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA
Author: Nadi Nwe Oo, Saw Po Po, Si Thu Hein, Moe Thida Htun, Nyo Nyo Thet, Khin Thida Khaing, Mar Mar Win, Hnin Yi Soe
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
ISSN 2394-966X
Novelty Journals

Abstract: Diarrheal disease is a global public health problem causing considerable morbidity and mortality among infants and children especially in the developing countries. Acute diarrhea due to Escherichia coli infections is an important cause of Morbidity and mortality in infants and young children in most developing countries including Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and antibiogram of Escherichia coli among children (<1ss-5years) with diarrhea in some selected hospital in Sokoto metropolis. A total of 150 stool samples of children with diarrheal disease were collected (75) from Sokoto Specialist Hospital, (75) from Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital Sokoto. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing was carried out and diameter of zone of inhibition measured following standard microbiological techniques. Out of the 150 samples analysed, ninety seven (64.7%) yielded growth of Escherichia coli. Of the 75 samples collected from Specialist Hospital Sokoto 52 (69.3%) yielded growth of Escherichia coli, a total of 75 samples were collected from Maryam Abacha and analysed, 45(60%) showed growth of Escherichia coli. The prevalence of Escherichia coli among males was (30.93%) while a high prevalence of 69.07% was observed in female children. The highest prevalence of 46.6% was observed in children aged 2-3 years. While the lowest prevalence 10.3% was seen in the age group 3-4 in years. Children aged <1 year  had 16.5% prevalence rate, while age group 1-2 years had a prevalence of 11.3% in contrast to children aged 4-5 years  that had a prevalence of 15.5%. The highest susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin 95% was observed followed by norfloxacin 92%. The susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and augmentin were 82% and 72% respectively. Intermediate susceptibilities were observed in respect of chloramphenicol 30% and tetracycline 20%, highest resistant to amoxicillin 100% was observed followed by erythromycin 90%, tetracycline 72% and chloramphenicol 60%. Few isolates were resistant to Norfloxacin 8% and Nitrofurantoin 5%. E. coli remains one of the major cause of diarrhea among diarrheagenic children in the selected study hospitals in Sokoto.

Keywords:Prevalence, Escherichia coli, Children, Diarrhea, Sokoto.
Title: PREVALENCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AMONG CHILDREN (<1-5Yrs) WITH DIARRHEA IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS
Author: Garba, I., Umar, A.I., Nuhu, A., Tijjani, M.B., Aliyu, M.S., Salisu, H., Unata, I.M
International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences
ISSN 2394-966X
Novelty Journals