Abstract: Sustainable crop productions are the foremost important practices to meet food demands for the fast-growing world population. However, crop production is being constrained by the occurrences of recurrent droughts. Plant roots are the most significant organ for adaptation to stress environment with a particular function of plant anchorage and acquisition of soil resources. Therefore, understanding and dissecting the genetic components of root system variations and considering them for trait selection under drought stress conditions would help in future breeding programs. This review highlighted the natural variations, roles of root system traits, and genetic tools to overcome the challenges of water scarcity in the era of climate change. Additionally, we compile and comprehend the potential QTLs that are responsible for root system trait variation under drought stress conditions and facilitate future comparative genomic analyses of wheat root system traits. We then described the contributions of genetic tool for root trait improvement, and selection at genetic level and investigate the natural root trait diversity as a basis for future genome editing. Lastly, we summarized breeding strategies to establish pioneering root-based selection and breeding to develop resilient crop varieties in the future.

Keywords: Adaptation, drought stress, natural variations, root system traits.

Title: Genetic tools uncovered root system variation under drought stress in wheat - A review

Author: Melesech Teshale Gabi

ISSN 2394-966X

International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences                                                    

Novelty Journals

Abstract: Genetic engineering and transformation have played a key role in crop improvement by introducing beneficial foreign genes or silencing the expression of endogenous genes in crop plants. Genetically modified pest resistance crops have been attracting attention recently as an alternative to chemical pesticides. However, the most important adverse characteristic of genetically modified crops is the capacity of insects and weeds to develop resistance to insecticide and herbicide. The transfer of genes from herbicide-resistant crops to wild relatives leads to creation of superweed; vector mediated horizontal gene transfer and recombination creates new pathogenic bacteria and virulent strains of the virus. Resistance management strategy is a mechanism used to delay or prevent the occurrence of resistance evolution by avoiding resistance, delaying resistance and making resistant populations revert to susceptibility. In this review, we present a detail update on the current status of the reasons for resistance evolution in transgenic crops. We also discuss issues on the risks associated with the widespread adoption of transgenic crops and strategies to manage resistance evolution.

Keywords: phrases: genetic engineering, herbicide, insecticide, resistance management, superweed.

Title: Resistance Evolution in GMOs and its Management Strategies: The Case of Transgenic Plants

Author: Solomon Tamiru Workneh, Urgesa Tsega, Tariku Abena

ISSN 2394-966X

International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences                                                    

Novelty Journals

Abstract: Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is Ethiopia's most important grain crop, but disease, particularly Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, has a significant impact on its production. Zymoseptoria tritici is a common disease found in wheat-growing areas around the world including Ethiopia. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the host crop, the fungal pathogen, and their common environment in order to properly comprehend STB. In this review, the economic importance of wheat in Ethiopia as a food and animal feed crop, the impact of STB fungus and how it interacts with its host, the climate and weather elements that determine its incidence and severity, as well as agricultural strategies that may minimize or improve its impact on crop yields was assessed. Integrated disease management measures such as resistant breeding, cultural management and fungicide application has also be highlighted as effective and long-term disease management practices.

Keywords: Incidence, Septoria Tritice Blotch, Severity, Wheat, Yield Loss.

Title: The Impact of Septoria tritici Blotch Disease on Wheat (Triticum aestivum): In Ethiopia - A Review

Author: Messele Molla Kassia

ISSN 2394-966X

International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences                                                    

Novelty Journals

Abstract: Chick pea is an important source of human food and animal feed. Limited studies were employed on the influence of plant population on seed yield and quality of chick pea in the central highlands of Ethiopia. In view of this, a field experiment was conducted at Debre Zeit Agricultural research center and its sub-site (Akaki) in the 2015 and 2016 main cropping season with the objectives to investigate the effects of row and plant spacing on, seed quality and chickpea seed production and to determine the appropriate intra and inter row spacing for chickpea seed production. The treatments included two chick pea varieties; four level of intra row spacing and three levels of inter row spacing. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete blocked design with three replications. The highest number of pods plant^-1 was obtained with the interaction effect of 40 cm inter- and 20 cm intra- row spacing’s. The highest above ground dry biomass (4.35 t ha^-1) was recorded at (5 cm) intra- spacing and the lowest dry biomass (3.53 t ha^-1) was recorded at 20cm intra-spacing. The highest hundred seed weight (30.95g) was observed with 5 cm intra- row spacing which had no significant difference with 10 cm intra-row spacing. The interaction of 30 cm inters- and 5 cm intra- row spacing resulted in the highest grain yield (1.95 t ha^-1). The lowest grain yield (1.51 t ha^-1) was recorded with the interaction of 30 cm × 20 cm. The highest mean harvest index (45.45%) of chick pea was obtained from interaction of 40 x 15 cm inter and intra row spacing. Therefore, 40 cm inter-row with 15 cm intra-row spacing can be recommended for the production of chickpea in the study area as compared to the current grain production recommendation of 30 x 10 cm.

Keywords:  Chickpea, Inter- row, Intra- row, Variety, Yield.

Title: Influence of Intra and Inter Row Spacing on Seed Yield and yield component of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Varieties in Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Author: Nigussu Bekele, Tesfaye Geleta

ISSN 2394-966X

International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences                                                    

Novelty Journals

Abstract: Fibrosis is an excessive wound healing response to chronic liver injury characterized by the accumulation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) rich in fibrillar collagens, mainly type I and III collagen. Activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) is the main fibrogenic cell. HSC activation is crucial in liver fibrogenesis. Although liver fibrosis is reversible, cirrhosis and HCC are generally irreversible Stress response is known as behavioral and metabolic changes to maintain body homeostasis that is caused by internal or external sources like physical or psychological stimuli known as stressors. Animal immobilization or restraint stress is known to be an applicable, easy, and convenient model to induce both psychological and physical stress.

Aim of the Work: To assess the potential effect of octreotide on liver fibrosis induced by alcohol in albino rats and observe the effects of octreotide on progression of liver fibrosis induced by alcohol in comparison with silymarin as a standard hepato-protective effect.

Patients and Methods: This was an experimental study was conducted in physiology department of faculty of medicine. Rats were classified into 4 groups: Group (1) (control): rats were received saline. Group (2) (ethanol): rats were received ethanol 1 ml/100 g orally twice a week for 8 weeks. Group (3) (octreotide): rats were hypodermically injected with octreotide diluted with saline (10 μg/kg) twice a day plus ethanol for 8 weeks. Group (4) (silymarin): rats were received silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) orally plus ethanol for 8 weeks. The duration of the study ranged from 6- 12 months.

Results: There was a statistically significant difference between groups at baseline and at the end as regard ALT. There was a statistically significant difference between groups at baseline and at the end as regard AST. There was a statistically significant difference between groups at baseline and at the end as regard alkaline phosphatase. There were statistically significant differences between groups at baseline and at the end as regard Gamma-glutamyl transferase. There were statistically significant differences between groups at the end as regard bilirubin.

Conclusion: Suggest that Octreotide could efficiently protect rats against stress-induced hepatic changes which may accompany liver fibrosis induced by alcohol.

Keywords: Hepatic stellate cell; Extracellular matrix; SSTRs; (TGF)-β.

Title: The potential effect of octreotide on liver fibrosis induced by alcohol in albino rats

Author: Prof. Dr. Mohammed Fath Elbab Elsayed, Assist. Prof. Abeer Mohammed Mohammed Sabry, Amal Bedier Youssef El-lakany

ISSN 2394-966X

International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences                                                    

Novelty Journals