Abstract: 3-Cyano-2-substituted pyridines, particularly 3-cyano-2-pyridone derivatives, represent an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with broad pharmacological potential. This mini-review aims to highlight some of the synthetic approaches for preparing these derivatives and shed light on their diverse biological activities, with particular emphasis on their anticancer properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that these compounds exhibit promising anticancer activity through modulation of multiple molecular targets, including PIM-1 kinase, BIRC5, tubulin, EGFR, VEGFR-2, and BRAF. Several reported derivatives showed potent inhibitory activity, underscoring the significance of structural optimization in improving their biological efficacy. Overall, 3-cyano-2-substituted pyridines represent valuable scaffolds for the development of novel multitarget anticancer agents and continue to attract considerable interest in medicinal chemistry research.

Keywords: 3-cyano-2-pyridone; anticancer; BIRC5; BRAF; cyanopyridine; EGFR; PIM-1; synthesis; tubulin; VEGFR-2.

Title: Synthetic Approaches and Anticancer Activities of 3‑Cyano‑2‑Pyridone Derivatives

Author: Yomna Waleed, Heba A. Hassan, Mamdouh F. A. Mohamed

International Journal of Novel Research in Physics Chemistry & Mathematics

ISSN 2394-9651

Vol. 13, Issue 3, September 2026 - December 2026

Page No: 13-24

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 24-September-2026

Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, with tobacco smoking worsening disease outcomes. This study developed a deterministic compartmental model to investigate the combined dynamics of TB transmission and tobacco smoking, incorporating vaccination, smoking behaviour, smoking cessation, waning immunity, recovery, and TB-induced mortality. The model stability and the existence of equilibrium points were determined. The basic reproduction number ( R₀) was obtained using the next-generation matrix, while sensitivity analysis identified parameters with the greatest influence on TB transmission. Numerical simulations were conducted using MATLAB to investigate the effects of smoking, vaccination, vaccine efficacy, and smoking cessation on the dynamics of tuberculosis. Results indicate that the effective TB transmission rate and smoking modifying factor are key drivers of transmission, whereas vaccination and smoking cessation contribute to reducing the spread of TB. The model provided quantitative insights into the interaction between smoking and TB and offers a mathematical framework for evaluating combined behavioural and vaccination interventions for TB control.

Keywords: Tuberculosis; Tobacco smoking; Mathematical modelling; Basic reproduction number; Vaccination; Smoking cessation.

Title: Mathematical Modelling of the Dynamics of Tuberculosis and Tobacco Smoking

Author: Maurice Oluoch Ojwang, Caroline Kanyiri, Brian Nyanaro

International Journal of Novel Research in Physics Chemistry & Mathematics

ISSN 2394-9651

Vol. 13, Issue 3, September 2026 - December 2026

Page No: 1-12

Novelty Journals

Website: www.noveltyjournals.com

Published Date: 22-September-2026