Vol 2 Issue 4 July 2015-August 2015

Abstract: Uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases due to utilization of fossil fuel has lead to increase in the threat of global warming. So as to prevent such damage our natural environment, an alternative fuel source must be identified. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic waste materials can overcome this problem to some extent if process used for production is economically viable. It is known that abundant plant materials are generated by forestry and agriculture industry. Usability of it is limited because of its rigid structure. So, effective pretreatment is required to liberate the sugar by breaking the complex crystalline structure and by removing lignin content. Pretreatments are given by physical, chemical, physicochemical and biological means. Physical treatments reduce the physical size of biomass whereas chemical treatments remove chemical barriers especially to break recalcitrant components so as to make easy accessibility of cellulose for microbial destruction. Biological pretreatments utilize various enzymes to achieve the accessibility of cellulose for hydrolysis process. To achieve higher efficiency both physical and chemical pretreatments have been applied. Acid hydrolysis, alkali hydrolysis, steam explosion, ammonia fiber expansion, organosolve, sulphite pretreatment, H2O2 pretreatment, ethylene pretreatment, Tween 20 pretreatments etc. are used to break the lignocellulosic material and to liberate fermentable sugars after enzymatic action.

Abstract: Hepatitis is a disease caused by several types of viruses that infect the liver cells, in particular, leading to morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis B can prevalent in all parts of the world which affects both sexes and all ages and global statistics show that three-quarters of the world are infected with this disease in the period of their lives. Objectives: The aim of this study is to detect subtype of hepatitis B virus among patients in Mosul. Methods: We evaluate 21 patients presumably with HBV in acute and chronic cases whom have HBs Ag positive. Subtype of hepatitis B was determinated using enzyme immunoassay EIA. Results: A 20 (95.2%) out of 21 of serum samples showed the subtype (ayw) while the last one showed negative result. Conclusion: The standardized EIA assay is a rapid and accurate method for detection and differentiation of subtypes of hepatitis B virus. This method can be applied in the clinical practice.

Abstract: Sea cucumbers are one of the highly appreciated commodities amongst traditional health practitioner for its retrospective health properties. Societies with knowledge of sea cucumbers usually demand for good processed dried sea cucumber. There are several options of post-processing of fresh, live sea cucumbers; freeze drying, cabinet drying, sun drying, smoke drying and much more. Sun drying procedures easy to be initiated and is a free source of energy. However, it is hard to control the hygienic capacity of sun drying process as to ensure optimum conditions during drying process where drying temperature will affects the drying rate and end products. Not only the value of dried sea cucumber depends on its own species, but, the size of the product and the quality of the post-processing in term of sensory attributes (colour, smell, appearance, texture and overall acceptance). Freeze drying process maintained better quality yields from the physicochemical properties and rate of drying aspects if compared to sun drying, hot air drying and air drying through moisture removal. Freeze drying ensured good appearance if compared to air drying, but requires greater energy and longer drying. The natural therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers should be investigated more, while its development and establishment of sea cucumber SOP could strengthened the post-harvest standard quality, economical values and sustainability.

Abstract: Reduce hospital stay after tonsillectomy by various drugs because after tonsillectomy pain is most common complication and it delays hospital discharge and it is painfull both patients and attandant, so peritonsillar infiltration of drugs it reduce pain so that discharge early.

Abstract: The aim of the study is to test some zooplankton metrics (abundance, biomass, taxonomic composition - key groups, Shannon diversity index) as indicators for assessment of the ecological status and potential of the coastal environment along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The case study is performed in the system of Beloslav Lake-Varna Lake and Varna Bay, area under various anthropogenic impacts. Lakes were identified as heavily modified water bodies on the base of the WFD principles. According to the discussed zooplankton characteristics the ecosystem of Beloslav and Varna lakes could be assess as “problematic area” while Varna Bay as “potential problematic area”.  Applied zooplankton metrics could be used as complementary plankton indicators of the eutrophication effects, respectively for a water quality assessment.

Abstract: A study was carried out to determine the cost/benefit ratio associated with Mastitis. A sample of 12 farmers and 29 cows were considered for data collection then after data were analysed with Microsoft excel. The results of our study show that bovine mastitis reduces the yield and quality of milk by reducing the lactation period from 305 days to 245 days. The discarded milk with 23 800frws of loss and increasing vet Services in prevention (19 950 frws), treatment (9 600 frws) per Cow /Year/Lactation of losses were observed. This reduces the profitability of farm milk production by calculation of the extent of the economic losses from prevention with (156 115 frws), treatment (142 665 frws), neither treatment or prevention 119 665 Rwfs while when we practicise both prevention and treatment the profitability is increased (329 550 frws) all per Cow / Year / lactation  and  loss is complex because of  factors involved such as prevention, treatment and milk yield and according to those factors there is a variation  in the evidence on the relationship between the total  income, total cost and total revenue in farm milk production. This provides a consistent analytical framework within which the benefits arising from reduced mastitis in dairy herd in the study area and  It is estimated that the revenue per cow per year is increased by both prevention and treatment (329 550 frws). The results of this analysis can be used to suggest maximum costs of additional new control measures produced by research.

Abstract: The aim of this cross-sectional, community based survey was to investigate the prevalence of hypertension, Isolated Systolic Hypertension(ISH), Isolated Diastolic Hypertension (IDH) and Pre-hypertension according to socio demographic features and alcohol consumption among one of the members of scheduled caste sweeper community of the District 24 PGS North, West Bengal, India, in individuals aged approximately 19 to 69 years.
Methods: A door to door survey work was conducted. Detailed information was collected from participants who were interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaires. Standard instruments were used to obtain data on weight, height and blood pressure. Data were analysed using standard statistical method.
Results: The prevalence of hypertension (Systolic Diastolic Hypertension) according to different risk factors in the studied population (N=612) is presented in Table No.1. The overall crude prevalence of hypertension (BP>=140/90 mmHg, based VII on the report of American JNC, 2003 and WHO criteria for 18 years old or above) is 16.49 % the pre-hypertensive (BP=120-139/80-89 mm Hg ) condition is about 36.77% isolated systolic hypertensive (BP>=140/<90mm Hg) and Isolated Diastolic Hypertensive (BP<140/>=90 mm hg) rate are 17.34 and 4.38 respectively.38.35% of the total studied population is known to have normotensive (Table 1 and Fig 1). Prevalence of hypertension is higher among the males compared to the females. Isolated systolic hypertension, Isolated Diastolic hypertension and Pre-hypertension levels are also higher in males than females.(ISH 15.62%, 13.36%, IDH 4.98% and 2.78%, Pre H 35.62%, 32.43%) Table-1, Fig-1.
Prevalence of hypertension is increased significantly with increasing body mass index (BMI)58.96%, 67.54% and 71.53% respectively  hypertensive individuals are found in three BMI groups such as BMI<19.9 kg/m2, BMI=20-24.9 kg/m2, and BMI>=25 kg/m2.Systolic diastolic hypertension (SDH) tendency is increased with increasing BMI 24.16%, 24.56% and 31.65% (Table-1, Fig.2). Correlation study between alcohol consumption and blood pressure revealed that the blood pressure (SBP and DBP) is directly correlated with the alcohol consumption and it is significant at 0.05%level.
Conclusion: The results of this investigation clearly indicate that there was a significant role of alcohol in the development of hypertension.

Abstract: αB-Crystallin is one of the heat shock proteins and its Chaperonic activity is well established. AlphaB-Crystallin forms complexes with denaturing proteins thereby preventing their uncontrolled aggregation. Chaperonine process has been shown to follow a saturation type of complexing, when the ability of the available αB-Crystallin to bind the target protein is exceeded, the excess target protein aggregates and eventually precipitates out of solution. The role of αB-Crystallin on Abfibril formation under systemic amyloidodsis in the brain, we have determined the level of abeta’s in the brain. In the present study, in-vivo studies on the role of the chaperones were investigated by Congo red stain, Immuno fluorescence, Radio labeled alphaB-Crystallin and RP-HPLC methods. The results indicated that there was amyloid deposits in brain, increases the abeta’s level in the brain and the alphaB-Crystallin crosses blood brain barrier and abeta’s level comes near to control level. In conclusion the implication of abeta’s in the brain. The significance in-vivo study has shown αB-Crystallin as a therapeutic use for amyloid disease.